PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-VI)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:
(a) Anti-septics: Phenols and related compounds, Halogens and Halogen compounds, Aromatic acid and esters, Dyes, Nitrofuran derivatives, Formaldehyde and its derivatives, Mercurochrome and Thiomersal.
(b) Sulphonamides: Prontosil, sulphanilamide, Sulphapyridine, sulphadimidine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine and Sulfafurazole.
(c) Antimalarials: 4-Aminoquinolines, 8-Aminoquinolines, 9-Amino acridines, Biguanides, Pyrimidine analogues, Mefloquine and Cinchoha alkaloids.
(d) Anthelmintics: Phenols and related compounds, Piperazine derivatives, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole and Pyrantal.
(e) Diuretics: Mercaptomerin, Meralluride, Thiazides, Sprironolactone, Theophylline, Furosemide, Acetazolamiode, Ethacrynic acid and Triameterene.
(f) Anti-tubercular Drugs: Ethambutol, Isonicotinic acid, Hydrazid, Rifampacin, Thioguanine, Pyrazinamide, cycloserine, Ethunamide, Cytarabine, 5- Flourouracil and Dacarbazine.
(g) Antiviral Drugs: Acyclovir, Tromantadine Hydrochloride and Ribavirin.
(h) Immunosuppressant Agents: Azathioprine and Cyclosporin.
2. ANTIBIOTICS:
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Kanamycin and Erythromycin.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-VI (Medicinal Chemistry-VI)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Assay of the Drugs like Sulpha drugs, Aspirin, Paracetamol, Benzyl Penicillin.
2. Inorganic Preparations.
Recommended Books
1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science,
2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House,
3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990.
4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York,
5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986.
6. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983.
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Fifth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutical Management
PHARMACEUTICS-XX (Pharmaceutical Management and; Marketing-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MANAGEMENT:
a) Nature and Principles of Management.
b) Types and Functions of Managers.
c) Planning: Purpose and types of Planning, Steps in Planning.
d) Organizing.
e) Management Control Systems
Purpose: Steps in the Control Process, Forms of Operations
control. Requirements for adequate control, Critical control points
and standards.
f) Motivation.
g) Innovation and creativity.
h) Communication.
2. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT:
(a) Material Management.
Recommended Books
1. M Ahmad & N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan (2002).
2. Patrick Tharp & Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London (1979).
3. Harry A Smith, Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MANAGEMENT:
a) Nature and Principles of Management.
b) Types and Functions of Managers.
c) Planning: Purpose and types of Planning, Steps in Planning.
d) Organizing.
e) Management Control Systems
Purpose: Steps in the Control Process, Forms of Operations
control. Requirements for adequate control, Critical control points
and standards.
f) Motivation.
g) Innovation and creativity.
h) Communication.
2. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT:
(a) Material Management.
Recommended Books
1. M Ahmad & N I Bukhari, Pharmaceutical Management and Marketing, Tariq Academy, Faisalabad-Pakistan (2002).
2. Patrick Tharp & Pedro J Lecca, Pharmacy Management for students and practitioners, The C V Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London (1979).
3. Harry A Smith, Principles & Methods of Pharmacy Management, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986
Fifth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-XIX (Forensic Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
STUDY OF DRUG LAWS:
(a) The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed thereunder.
(b) Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the
relevant province).
(c) Advertisement rules.
(d) Other related rules and Legal aspects.
Recommended Books
1. R Z Hussain. The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book House, Lahore-Pakistan, 2003.
2. The Pharmacy Act, 1967.
3. The Poisons Act, 1919.
4. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930.
5. The Factory Law 1934.
6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969.
7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act 1997.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
STUDY OF DRUG LAWS:
(a) The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed thereunder.
(b) Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the
relevant province).
(c) Advertisement rules.
(d) Other related rules and Legal aspects.
Recommended Books
1. R Z Hussain. The Manual of Drug Laws in Pakistan, Irfan Law Book House, Lahore-Pakistan, 2003.
2. The Pharmacy Act, 1967.
3. The Poisons Act, 1919.
4. The Dangerous Drugs Act 1930.
5. The Factory Law 1934.
6. Shop and Establishment Ordinance 1969.
7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act 1997.
Fifth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION AND
DOSAGE FORM DESIGN: Product Formulation, Need for Dosage Form
and Preformulation Studies.
2. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT: Pharmaceutical Aerosoles,
Ophthalmic Preparations, and Parenteral Preparations.
3. ADVANCED FORMULATION TECHNIQUES: Development of a
formualtion methodology and flow plan for the new product. New
technologies in drug delivery system.
4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
a) Introduction to the Drug Carrier: Liposomes, Niosomes and
Biodegradable polymers.
b) Active & Passive Drug Delivery System.
c) Other Novel GIT Systems.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the
requirements, e.g. Various techniques to develop the formulation,
Granulation technology, Study of drug delivery systems, Biotechnological
aspect of product development, In-vitro Quality Control
of various dosage forms.
Recommended Books
1. Anya M Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001.
2. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987.
3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994.
4. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
5. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990.
6. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997.
7. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi, 1997.
8. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990.
9. Attaurahman and M I Chaudry, Bioassay techniques for drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2001.
10. Pramod K Gupta, Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1999.
11. H John Smith, Introduction to the principals of drug design and action, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1998
12. Rong Liu, Water Insoluble Drug Formulations, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000.
13. Peter Blaisdell, Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000.
14. Lachman L, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 3rd Ed., 1986.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION AND
DOSAGE FORM DESIGN: Product Formulation, Need for Dosage Form
and Preformulation Studies.
2. FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT: Pharmaceutical Aerosoles,
Ophthalmic Preparations, and Parenteral Preparations.
3. ADVANCED FORMULATION TECHNIQUES: Development of a
formualtion methodology and flow plan for the new product. New
technologies in drug delivery system.
4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
a) Introduction to the Drug Carrier: Liposomes, Niosomes and
Biodegradable polymers.
b) Active & Passive Drug Delivery System.
c) Other Novel GIT Systems.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVIII (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the
basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the
requirements, e.g. Various techniques to develop the formulation,
Granulation technology, Study of drug delivery systems, Biotechnological
aspect of product development, In-vitro Quality Control
of various dosage forms.
Recommended Books
1. Anya M Hellery, Drug delivery and targeting, Taylor & Francis, London, 2001.
2. Joseph R Robinson Controlled drug delivery, Marcel & Dakker Inc, New York, 2nd Ed., 1987.
3. T V Ramabhadran, Pharmaceutical design and development, Ellis Horwood, New York, 1994.
4. M E Aulton, Pharmaceutics: Science of Dosage Forms Design, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
5. Banker, Modern pharmaceutics, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1990.
6. John A Bontempo, Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms, Marchell Dakker Inc, New York, 1997.
7. N K Jain, Controlled and Novel drug delivery, CBS Publishers & Distributers, New Dehi, 1997.
8. Ansel, Pharmaceutical Dosage Form in Drug Delivery System, Lee & Febiger, London, 1990.
9. Attaurahman and M I Chaudry, Bioassay techniques for drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2001.
10. Pramod K Gupta, Inject able drug development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1999.
11. H John Smith, Introduction to the principals of drug design and action, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 1998
12. Rong Liu, Water Insoluble Drug Formulations, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000.
13. Peter Blaisdell, Twenty First Century Pharmaceutical Development. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2000.
14. Lachman L, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 3rd Ed., 1986.
Fifth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS: Rational Presribing, Rational Dispensing,
Problems of Irrational Drug Use, Learning about drug use problem,
Sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use.
2. INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIAL DRUGS: Criteria for selection,
Usage and Advantages.
3. DRUG UTILZATION EVALUATION & DRUG UTILIZATION
REVIEW (DUE/DUR): Development of protocol of use of few very low
therapeutic index drug groups like Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine.
4. DRUG ABUSE and; MISUSE.
5. PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of
Digoxin, Theophyline, Gentamycin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine,
Phenobarbitone, Primidone, Walparic Acid, Cyclosporins and
Vancomycin.
6. PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy
Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the
external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003.
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992.
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998.
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker, Publishing, 2003.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997.
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS: Rational Presribing, Rational Dispensing,
Problems of Irrational Drug Use, Learning about drug use problem,
Sampling to study drug use, Indicators of drug use.
2. INTRODUCTION TO ESSENTIAL DRUGS: Criteria for selection,
Usage and Advantages.
3. DRUG UTILZATION EVALUATION & DRUG UTILIZATION
REVIEW (DUE/DUR): Development of protocol of use of few very low
therapeutic index drug groups like Steroids, Vancomycin and Cimetidine.
4. DRUG ABUSE and; MISUSE.
5. PRACTICAL PHARMACOKINETICS: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of
Digoxin, Theophyline, Gentamycin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Cabamazepine,
Phenobarbitone, Primidone, Walparic Acid, Cyclosporins and
Vancomycin.
6. PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDIES.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVII (Clinical Pharmacy-III)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy
Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the
external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003.
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992.
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998.
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd Ed., Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker, Publishing, 2003.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997.
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
Fifth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor, Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism).
2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS: Drug Design and recent approaches to the synthesis of drugs (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs).
3. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY (General methods of determination, the structure & isolation from natural source), BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:
e) Anaesthetics: Local anaesthetics (Procaine, Lignocaine, Eucaine, Cocaine and Benzocaine), General anaesthetics (Cyclopropane, Halothane, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform, Thiopental Sodium, Ketamine, Methohexital, Thioamylal Sodium, Fantanyl Citrate, Tribromo ethanol).
f) Analgesics and Antipyretics: Paracetamol, Salicylic acid analogues, Quinolines derivatives, Pyrazolone and Pyrazolodiones, Narylanthranilic acids, Aryl and heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives.
d) Sedatives and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Paraldehyde, Glutethimide, Chloral hydrate, and alcohols.
a) Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Ascorbic acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
b) Hormones: Steroidal Hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin).
c) Anti-neoplastic Agents: Tamoxifen, Fluorouracil, Mercapturine, Methotrexate and Vincristine.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Estimation of functional groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy, Amino and Nitro groups; Determination of Molecular weights of Organic Compounds.
2. Synthesis of Paracetamol, Salicylic Acid, Methyl salicylate, Azobenzene, Benzoic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one, Aspirin, P-nitrosophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, o-Chloro-benzoic acid.
Recommended Books
1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001
2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby, 1995.
3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990. 4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York, 1996.
4. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986.
5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor, Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism).
2. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS: Drug Design and recent approaches to the synthesis of drugs (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs).
3. GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY (General methods of determination, the structure & isolation from natural source), BIOLOGICAL ACTION, STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING:
e) Anaesthetics: Local anaesthetics (Procaine, Lignocaine, Eucaine, Cocaine and Benzocaine), General anaesthetics (Cyclopropane, Halothane, Nitrous oxide, Chloroform, Thiopental Sodium, Ketamine, Methohexital, Thioamylal Sodium, Fantanyl Citrate, Tribromo ethanol).
f) Analgesics and Antipyretics: Paracetamol, Salicylic acid analogues, Quinolines derivatives, Pyrazolone and Pyrazolodiones, Narylanthranilic acids, Aryl and heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives.
d) Sedatives and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Paraldehyde, Glutethimide, Chloral hydrate, and alcohols.
a) Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Ascorbic acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
b) Hormones: Steroidal Hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin).
c) Anti-neoplastic Agents: Tamoxifen, Fluorouracil, Mercapturine, Methotrexate and Vincristine.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-V (Medicinal Chemistry-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Estimation of functional groups; Carboxylic, Hydroxy, Amino and Nitro groups; Determination of Molecular weights of Organic Compounds.
2. Synthesis of Paracetamol, Salicylic Acid, Methyl salicylate, Azobenzene, Benzoic Acid, 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one, Aspirin, P-nitrosophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, o-Chloro-benzoic acid.
Recommended Books
1. Martin and Cook, Remington Practice of Pharmaceutical Science, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001
2. Foye W O, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Verghese Publising House, Bomby, 1995.
3. Tyagi, Text Book of Synthetic Drugs, Anmol Publications, Delhi, 1990. 4. Alferd Burger, Medicinal Chemistry, Jhon Willey & Sons, New York, 1996.
4. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson, Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1986.
5. Block, Roche, Soine and Wilson. Inorganic and Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1983.
Fourth Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS: Biological methods, Standard praprations and units of activity, Bioassay of antibiotics, Bioassay of insulin injection, Assay of prepared digitalis and Assay of Vitamin D.
2. ALCOHOL DETERMIANTION: Alcoholometric methods, Problem during distillation of alcohol, Method for liquids containing less than 30% or more than 30% alcohol and special treatment before distillation.
3. ALKALOIDAL DRUG ASSAY: Weighing for assay, Extraction of drugs, Maceration, Percolation, Continuous extraction, Puriifcation of Alkaloids and determination of alkaloids.
4. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS AND TESTS: Determiantion of weight/ml, Water/Moisture content, Loss on Drying, Toxicity tests & Identification tests, Evaluation of Ointments, Ash contents and Alkalinity of Glass.
5. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDICES ATTACHED TO B.P., BPC, AND USP.
6. STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUALITY CONTROL CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterility test, Determiantion of Ash contents, Determination of Moisture contents, Determination of total solids, Determination of viscosity of syrups, gels, etc., Determination of emulsion types.
Recommended Books
1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993).
7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003.
8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded) Mercel Dekker, New York, 2000.
9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989.
11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS: Biological methods, Standard praprations and units of activity, Bioassay of antibiotics, Bioassay of insulin injection, Assay of prepared digitalis and Assay of Vitamin D.
2. ALCOHOL DETERMIANTION: Alcoholometric methods, Problem during distillation of alcohol, Method for liquids containing less than 30% or more than 30% alcohol and special treatment before distillation.
3. ALKALOIDAL DRUG ASSAY: Weighing for assay, Extraction of drugs, Maceration, Percolation, Continuous extraction, Puriifcation of Alkaloids and determination of alkaloids.
4. MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS AND TESTS: Determiantion of weight/ml, Water/Moisture content, Loss on Drying, Toxicity tests & Identification tests, Evaluation of Ointments, Ash contents and Alkalinity of Glass.
5. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF APPENDICES ATTACHED TO B.P., BPC, AND USP.
6. STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUALITY CONTROL CHARTS DURING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.
PHARMACEUTICS-XVI (Pharmaceutical Quality Managements-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterility test, Determiantion of Ash contents, Determination of Moisture contents, Determination of total solids, Determination of viscosity of syrups, gels, etc., Determination of emulsion types.
Recommended Books
1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993).
7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003.
8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded) Mercel Dekker, New York, 2000.
9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989.
11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.
Fourth Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS: Determination through plasma drug level studies. Application of pharmacokinetics in clinical situations.
2. CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT (S) MODELS: One compartment open model. Two compartment open model. Three compartment open model and Non-compartmental method of analysis.
3. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION:
Concept and Methods of Determination.
4. DRUG CLEARANCE:
Mechanism, determination and relationship of clearance with half-life.
5. ELIMINATION OF DRUGS:
a) Hepatic Elimination. Percent of Drug Metabolized, Drug Biotransformation reactions, (Phase-I reactions and phase-II reactions), First pass effect, Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs and Biliary excretion of drugs.
b) Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance, Tubular Secretion and Tubular Reabsorption.
c) Elimination of Drugs through other organs: Pulmonary excretion, Salivary excretion, Mammary excretion, Skin excretion and Genital excretion.
6. PROTEIN BINDING:
Determination of plasma protein binding and Clinical significance of drug-protein binding.
7. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN CLINICAL SITUATIONS.
8. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKIENTICS IN DISEASE STATES.
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Plasma level-time curve: Determination of Pharmacokinetic parameters.
2. Determination of plasma protein binding.
3. Urinary sampling techniques.
4. In Laboratory animals. In humans. Renal excretion of drugs or drug disposition.
Recommended Books
1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986.
5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988.
6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995).
10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2004.
11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS: Determination through plasma drug level studies. Application of pharmacokinetics in clinical situations.
2. CONCEPT OF COMPARTMENT (S) MODELS: One compartment open model. Two compartment open model. Three compartment open model and Non-compartmental method of analysis.
3. BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE AND VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION:
Concept and Methods of Determination.
4. DRUG CLEARANCE:
Mechanism, determination and relationship of clearance with half-life.
5. ELIMINATION OF DRUGS:
a) Hepatic Elimination. Percent of Drug Metabolized, Drug Biotransformation reactions, (Phase-I reactions and phase-II reactions), First pass effect, Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs and Biliary excretion of drugs.
b) Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance, Tubular Secretion and Tubular Reabsorption.
c) Elimination of Drugs through other organs: Pulmonary excretion, Salivary excretion, Mammary excretion, Skin excretion and Genital excretion.
6. PROTEIN BINDING:
Determination of plasma protein binding and Clinical significance of drug-protein binding.
7. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN CLINICAL SITUATIONS.
8. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOKIENTICS IN DISEASE STATES.
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Plasma level-time curve: Determination of Pharmacokinetic parameters.
2. Determination of plasma protein binding.
3. Urinary sampling techniques.
4. In Laboratory animals. In humans. Renal excretion of drugs or drug disposition.
Recommended Books
1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall, London, 1986.
5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988.
6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995).
10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2004.
11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.
Fourth Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. EMULSIONS:
Mechanical Equipments, Specific formulation Considerations and Emulsion stability.
2. SUSPENSIONS: Formulation of suspensions, Equipment used in preparation and test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions.
3. SEMISOLIDS:
Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies. Packaging of ointments.
4. STERILE PRODUCTS:
Sterile area and its Classification, Ophthalmic ointments, Preparation of praenterals (Building, Equipment), Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc.), air locks, Environmental monitoring methods, Sterilization, Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers), Added substances (Preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.), Inprocess Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc.).
5. STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS: An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry. Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices.
6. PACKING & PACKAGING:
Influence of Packaging materials, Stability, Packaging Lines, Packaging Area, Packaging Equipment.
7. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR: Patches, Sprays, Implants, Sutures, Plasters and Sachet packing.
8. STUDY TOUR:
A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables.
2. Capsule filling by semi automatic machines. Manufacture of sustained action drugs.
3. Tablets Tests like Disintegration. Dissolution. Friability. Hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. Particle size analysis.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. EMULSIONS:
Mechanical Equipments, Specific formulation Considerations and Emulsion stability.
2. SUSPENSIONS: Formulation of suspensions, Equipment used in preparation and test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions.
3. SEMISOLIDS:
Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies. Packaging of ointments.
4. STERILE PRODUCTS:
Sterile area and its Classification, Ophthalmic ointments, Preparation of praenterals (Building, Equipment), Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc.), air locks, Environmental monitoring methods, Sterilization, Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers), Added substances (Preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.), Inprocess Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc.).
5. STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS: An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry. Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices.
6. PACKING & PACKAGING:
Influence of Packaging materials, Stability, Packaging Lines, Packaging Area, Packaging Equipment.
7. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR: Patches, Sprays, Implants, Sutures, Plasters and Sachet packing.
8. STUDY TOUR:
A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables.
2. Capsule filling by semi automatic machines. Manufacture of sustained action drugs.
3. Tablets Tests like Disintegration. Dissolution. Friability. Hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. Particle size analysis.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
Fourth Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions, Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management.
2. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects: Classification, Excessive pharmacological response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug
Withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR.
3. DRUG INDUCED DISEASES.
4. COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY:
5. UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATURE: Introduction, Drug literature selection, Drug literature evaluation and Drug literature communication.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992.
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998.
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd edition, Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8. Joseph. T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003
9. Joseph T, Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997.
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Mechanism, Physiological factors affecting interaction, Types and level of drug interactions, Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management.
2. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects: Classification, Excessive pharmacological response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug
Withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR.
3. DRUG INDUCED DISEASES.
4. COMPUTERS IN CLINICAL PHARMACY:
5. UTILIZATION OF CLINICAL DRUG LITERATURE: Introduction, Drug literature selection, Drug literature evaluation and Drug literature communication.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Churchill Levingstone, London, 3rd Ed., 2003
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, William & Willkins, London, 1992.
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed., 1998.
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book, 2nd edition, Sarrison, Inc, North Carolina, USA.
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success, Sue Horwood Publishing limited, West Sussex, UK.
8. Joseph. T Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Clinical Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2003
9. Joseph T, Dipiro, Encyclopaedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing, 2002
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients, 1997.
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford University Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
Fourth Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE.
2. THE PHARMACY-CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM.
3. ASEPTIC DISPENSING
TPN, I/V Admixtures, Cytotoxic Dispensing, Semi-sterile Dispensing (Eye drops, Ear drops) and Hyperailimentation.
4. ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN SMALL HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES ETC:
5. PURCHASING, DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINES, MEDICAL & SURGICAL SUPPLIES: Purchasing, Stocking, Stock Control, Inventory Management, Drug Distribution, Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical
Pharmacy Services.
6. NUCLEAR PHARMACY.
7. THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT
8. INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS.
9. HEALTH ACCESSORIES.
10. SURGICAL SUPPLIES.
11. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
12. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A & E).
13. COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT 100 DRUGS REGISTERED BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan (2000).
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MANUFACTURING BULK AND STERILE.
2. THE PHARMACY-CENTRAL STERILE SUPPLY ROOM.
3. ASEPTIC DISPENSING
TPN, I/V Admixtures, Cytotoxic Dispensing, Semi-sterile Dispensing (Eye drops, Ear drops) and Hyperailimentation.
4. ROLE OF PHARMACISTS IN SMALL HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES ETC:
5. PURCHASING, DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF HOSPITAL MEDICINES, MEDICAL & SURGICAL SUPPLIES: Purchasing, Stocking, Stock Control, Inventory Management, Drug Distribution, Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical
Pharmacy Services.
6. NUCLEAR PHARMACY.
7. THE PHYSICAL PLANT AND ITS EQUIPMENT
8. INVESTIGATIONAL USE OF DRUGS.
9. HEALTH ACCESSORIES.
10. SURGICAL SUPPLIES.
11. INSPECTION OF WARDS WITH REFERENCE TO DRUG STORAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.
12. MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PHARMACY (A & E).
13. COMMON KNOWLEDGE OF ABOUT 100 DRUGS REGISTERED BY MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan (2000).
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SCOPE
(a) An understanding of the testing, quality control programme and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods, physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications, statitical quality control.
(b) General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to adopt Quality Assurance
2. QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS:
(a) Physical tests: Hardness, Thickness and Diameter, Friability, Disintegration, Weight Variation.
(b) Chemical tests: Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules.
3. QUALITY CONTROL OF SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS:
Viscosity, its determiantion and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients.
4. EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTION PRODUCTS (TABLETS & CAPSULES):
Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action.
5. QUALITY CONTROL OF SUPPOSITORIES Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liqefaction time test and Breaking test.
6. QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS) Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for parenterals and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients.
PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Assay of various spirits, tinctures, extracts, syrups and elixirs, Assay of Ointments and suppositories, Assay of tablets and capsules, Test for alkalinity of glass, Determiantion of alcohol contents in the Pharmaceutical preparations and Pyrogen test.
Recommended Books
1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993).
7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003.
8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded), Mercel Dekker, New York. 2000.
9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989.
11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SCOPE
(a) An understanding of the testing, quality control programme and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods, physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications, statitical quality control.
(b) General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to adopt Quality Assurance
2. QUALITY CONTROL OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS:
(a) Physical tests: Hardness, Thickness and Diameter, Friability, Disintegration, Weight Variation.
(b) Chemical tests: Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules.
3. QUALITY CONTROL OF SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS:
Viscosity, its determiantion and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients.
4. EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED ACTION PRODUCTS (TABLETS & CAPSULES):
Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action.
5. QUALITY CONTROL OF SUPPOSITORIES Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liqefaction time test and Breaking test.
6. QUALITY CONTROL OF STERILE PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS) Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for parenterals and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients.
PHARMACEUTICS-XI (Pharmaceutical Quality Management-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Assay of various spirits, tinctures, extracts, syrups and elixirs, Assay of Ointments and suppositories, Assay of tablets and capsules, Test for alkalinity of glass, Determiantion of alcohol contents in the Pharmaceutical preparations and Pyrogen test.
Recommended Books
1. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I and II, The Alton Press, London.
2. M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkin’s Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
3. K A Connors, A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Analysis, John — Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
5. G D Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Karamt A Javaid, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance in Class, Industry and Market, Aziz Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan (1993).
7. Gil Bismuth and Shosh Neumann, Cleaning Validation, A practical approach. CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2003.
8. J T Carstersen and C T Rhodes, Drug Stability: Principles and Practices, 3rd Ed. (revised and expanded), Mercel Dekker, New York. 2000.
9. Sydney H Willig, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Publishing.
10. Bryant R, The pharmaceutical Quality Control Hand Book, Aster Publishing Corporation, Eugene, 1989.
11. Braun R E, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co, NY, 1987.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: Biopharmaceutics, Generic Equivalence, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents.
2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability.
3. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES: Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION IN RESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITY: Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution.
5. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN.
6. INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS.
7. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM.
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques: In Laboratory Animals like dog, rabbits, mice etc. In human beings, In-vitro dissolution studies, Optional dose determination, Measurement of rate of Bioavailability, Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability.
Recommended Books
1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall,London, 1986.
5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988.
6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995).
10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA, 2004.
11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: Biopharmaceutics, Generic Equivalence, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents.
2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability.
3. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES: Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION IN RESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITY: Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution.
5. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN.
6. INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS.
7. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM.
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques: In Laboratory Animals like dog, rabbits, mice etc. In human beings, In-vitro dissolution studies, Optional dose determination, Measurement of rate of Bioavailability, Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability.
Recommended Books
1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall,London, 1986.
5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988.
6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995).
10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA, 2004.
11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MASS TRANSFER.
2. HEAT TRANSFER.
3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying.
4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.).
5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters).
6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure.
7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating,
Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules).
8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
(a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
(b) Inflammable gases and dusts.
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MASS TRANSFER.
2. HEAT TRANSFER.
3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying.
4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.).
5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters).
6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure.
7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating,
Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules).
8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
(a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
(b) Inflammable gases and dusts.
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.
2. PATIENT PROFILE:
(a) Patient disease profile.
(b) Taking case History.
(c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)
3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES. Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.
4. EMERGENCY TREATMENT.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed.,
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book,
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success,
8. Joseph. T. Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients.1997
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.
2. PATIENT PROFILE:
(a) Patient disease profile.
(b) Taking case History.
(c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)
3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES. Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.
4. EMERGENCY TREATMENT.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed.,
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book,
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success,
8. Joseph. T. Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients.1997
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
(b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals.
(c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy.
2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
(a) Classification of Hospitals.
(b) Organizational Pattern.
(c) Administration.
(d) Clinical Departments.
(e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc.
(f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital.
(g) Hospital Finances.
3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
(a) Pharmacy specialist.
(b) Drug information Centre.
(c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank.
(d) Pharmacy Education.
(e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff.
(f) Professional services rendered.
4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE.
5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY
(a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary.
(b) Format.
(c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist.
(d) Benefits and problems.
(e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
(f) Contraceptives.
6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS
(a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s.
(b) Unit dose dispensing.
(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.
7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES.
9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS.
10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL
(a) Medication error.
(b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan, 2000.
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
(b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals.
(c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy.
2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
(a) Classification of Hospitals.
(b) Organizational Pattern.
(c) Administration.
(d) Clinical Departments.
(e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc.
(f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital.
(g) Hospital Finances.
3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
(a) Pharmacy specialist.
(b) Drug information Centre.
(c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank.
(d) Pharmacy Education.
(e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff.
(f) Professional services rendered.
4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE.
5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY
(a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary.
(b) Format.
(c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist.
(d) Benefits and problems.
(e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
(f) Contraceptives.
6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS
(a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s.
(b) Unit dose dispensing.
(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.
7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES.
9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS.
10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL
(a) Medication error.
(b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan, 2000.
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-IV (Community Pharmacy)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND.
2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy.
3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT.
4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects.
5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION.
6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING.
7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE.
8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.
Recommended Books
1. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A Practical Handbook.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
3. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND.
2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy.
3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT.
4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects.
5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION.
6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING.
7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE.
8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.
Recommended Books
1. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A Practical Handbook.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
3. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS.
2. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques.
3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS.
2. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques.
3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:
(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil.
(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu.
(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
(g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.
(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.
2. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
(a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis.
(b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth.
(c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
(d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh.
(e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin.
3. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.
(a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
(b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
(c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona.
(d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
(e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.
(f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus.
(g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum.
(h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum.
(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.
4. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:
(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil.
(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu.
(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
(g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.
(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.
2. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
(a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis.
(b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth.
(c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
(d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh.
(e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin.
3. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.
(a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
(b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
(c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona.
(d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
(e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.
(f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus.
(g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum.
(h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum.
(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.
4. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacology
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. CHEMOTHERAPY
(a) Classification of drugs.
(b) Antimicrobials: Sulphonamides, Antivirals, Antiprotozoals (Treatment of Malaria and Treatment of Amebiasis), Antifungals, Anthelmintics, Anti-neoplastic and Immunosuppressive drugs, Drug treatment of Leprosy and Antibiotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneous Antibiotics).
(c) Antihypertensive Drugs.
(d) Steroids and Antisteroid drugs.
2. HORMONES, ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECTING ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
(a) Endocrine function and dysfunctions.
(b) Drug used for therapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulins and Oral Hypoglycemic agents.
(c) Corticosteroids.
(d) Thyroid hormone and anti-thyroid drugs.
3. TOXICOLOGY
(a) Pollution and its typers (water, air, food).
(b) Poison and principle of treatment of poisoning.
(c) Poisoning (Sign & symptom and treatment): Ethanol, Barbiturates, Digitalis, Salicylides, Strychnine, Narcotics, Nicotine, Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Organophosphorous compounds.
(d) Chelating agents and their role in poisoning: Dimercaprol, Calcium disodium edentate, Pencillamine and Defroxamine.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE: - Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. To identify and differentiate the effects of unknown drug on human and the nerve plexus of frog.
2. To demonstrate the effects of Acetylcholine on the Rectus abdominus muscle of frog and competitive.
3. Pharmacological antagomism by Neuromuscular blocking agent e.g. Gallamine.
4. To identify the unknown drug by performing pharmacological competitive antagonism on Rectus.
5. Abdominus muscle of Frog.
6. To study the anti-coagulant effects of Heparin and oral anti-coagulants on Rabbits.
7. To identify the unknown anti-coagulant drug using Rabbits.
8. To demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curve of Acetylcholine on Rabbit intestine.
9. To identify unknown concentration of Acetycholine from graded Dose- Response curves.
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology,
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics,
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi,
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. CHEMOTHERAPY
(a) Classification of drugs.
(b) Antimicrobials: Sulphonamides, Antivirals, Antiprotozoals (Treatment of Malaria and Treatment of Amebiasis), Antifungals, Anthelmintics, Anti-neoplastic and Immunosuppressive drugs, Drug treatment of Leprosy and Antibiotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Quinolones and Miscellaneous Antibiotics).
(c) Antihypertensive Drugs.
(d) Steroids and Antisteroid drugs.
2. HORMONES, ANTAGONISTS AND OTHER AGENTS AFFECTING ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
(a) Endocrine function and dysfunctions.
(b) Drug used for therapy of Diabetes Mellitus: Insulins and Oral Hypoglycemic agents.
(c) Corticosteroids.
(d) Thyroid hormone and anti-thyroid drugs.
3. TOXICOLOGY
(a) Pollution and its typers (water, air, food).
(b) Poison and principle of treatment of poisoning.
(c) Poisoning (Sign & symptom and treatment): Ethanol, Barbiturates, Digitalis, Salicylides, Strychnine, Narcotics, Nicotine, Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Organophosphorous compounds.
(d) Chelating agents and their role in poisoning: Dimercaprol, Calcium disodium edentate, Pencillamine and Defroxamine.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-IV (Systemic Pharmacology-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE: - Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g.
1. To identify and differentiate the effects of unknown drug on human and the nerve plexus of frog.
2. To demonstrate the effects of Acetylcholine on the Rectus abdominus muscle of frog and competitive.
3. Pharmacological antagomism by Neuromuscular blocking agent e.g. Gallamine.
4. To identify the unknown drug by performing pharmacological competitive antagonism on Rectus.
5. Abdominus muscle of Frog.
6. To study the anti-coagulant effects of Heparin and oral anti-coagulants on Rabbits.
7. To identify the unknown anti-coagulant drug using Rabbits.
8. To demonstrate the graded Dose-Response curve of Acetylcholine on Rabbit intestine.
9. To identify unknown concentration of Acetycholine from graded Dose- Response curves.
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology,
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics,
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi,
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Computer
COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Fundamentals basic concept of computers History of Data Processing, Types of Computers, Components of a Computer, Computer System and Business Computer System, Backing Storage Devices, Unit of Memory, Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues.
2. System Analysis and Design what is a System? Steps in system life cycle, Data Gathering and Data Analysis, Designing a New System, Development and Implementation of New System, Documentation.
3. Data Processing Data Processing, The Data Processing Cycle, The Collection and Computing of data, Manual collection of data, The main methods of data input, Devices used to collect data, Data Verification, Data Validation, Output and Recording of data, Types of data processing systems, Types of Computer Operation, Batch Processing and Real-time Processing.
4. Data Communication Applications of Data Communication, Components of a data communication system, Rate of data Transmission, Computer Networks, Network Topology, Gateway, E-mail/Internet concepts.
COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
1. Internet and E-mail: Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, Addresses, Links and Downloading, Searching the Internet, E-mail and Newsgroups, Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer.
2. Web Page Development: Introduction to Front-page, Creating a First Web site, Basic
Formatting Techniques, Manipulating Tables within Front-page, Front-page, Picture and Multimedia, Hyper linking, Bookmarks and Image Maps, Introducing Front-page “components”, Front-page and Frames, Managing your Web, Good site design, Publishing and publicizing.
3. Complete Statistical Package like SPSS.
4. Languages
At least two prevailing languages will be taught.
Recommended Books
1. Elias M System Analysis. Award Galgotia Publications, New Delhi, 1989.
2. Peter Norton, Inside IBM PC. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1988.
3. Dennis N, MS-DOS. Jump Practice Hall Press, New York, 1987.
4. Peter Norton, PC-DOS. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1985.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Fundamentals basic concept of computers History of Data Processing, Types of Computers, Components of a Computer, Computer System and Business Computer System, Backing Storage Devices, Unit of Memory, Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues.
2. System Analysis and Design what is a System? Steps in system life cycle, Data Gathering and Data Analysis, Designing a New System, Development and Implementation of New System, Documentation.
3. Data Processing Data Processing, The Data Processing Cycle, The Collection and Computing of data, Manual collection of data, The main methods of data input, Devices used to collect data, Data Verification, Data Validation, Output and Recording of data, Types of data processing systems, Types of Computer Operation, Batch Processing and Real-time Processing.
4. Data Communication Applications of Data Communication, Components of a data communication system, Rate of data Transmission, Computer Networks, Network Topology, Gateway, E-mail/Internet concepts.
COMPUTER AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACY
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
1. Internet and E-mail: Internet and Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, Addresses, Links and Downloading, Searching the Internet, E-mail and Newsgroups, Favorites, security and Customizing Explorer.
2. Web Page Development: Introduction to Front-page, Creating a First Web site, Basic
Formatting Techniques, Manipulating Tables within Front-page, Front-page, Picture and Multimedia, Hyper linking, Bookmarks and Image Maps, Introducing Front-page “components”, Front-page and Frames, Managing your Web, Good site design, Publishing and publicizing.
3. Complete Statistical Package like SPSS.
4. Languages
At least two prevailing languages will be taught.
Recommended Books
1. Elias M System Analysis. Award Galgotia Publications, New Delhi, 1989.
2. Peter Norton, Inside IBM PC. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1988.
3. Dennis N, MS-DOS. Jump Practice Hall Press, New York, 1987.
4. Peter Norton, PC-DOS. Brady Computer Books, New York, 1985.
Third Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 02
1. Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing Including: Weights and Measures, Calculations for compounding and Dispensing, Fundamental operations in Compounding, Containers and closures for Dispensed Products, Prescription-Handling (Parts of Prescription, Filling, Interpretation, Pricing) and Labelling of Dispensed Medication.
2. Extemporaneous Dispensing of: Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Pastes and gels, Suppositories and pessaries, Powders and granules and Oral unit dosage form.
3. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Types of Incompatibilities, Manifestations, Correction and Prevention with reference to typical examples.
4. Classical dosage Forms.
5. I.V. Admixtures.
6. Radio-Pharmacy-Techniques and Applications.
PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Practical introduction to prescription-handling, interpretation, filling and Labeling.
1. Mixtures: Dispensing of simple mixtures containing soluble substances only, mixtures containing diffusable substances, indiffusable substances and mixtures forming precipitate.
2. Powders: Dispensing of simple powders, compound powders and effervescent powders for external use.
3. Incompatibility: Practical Importance of Incompatibilities.
4. Ointments And Creams: Dispensing of iodine and Methyl Salicylate ointment. Dispensing of cold cream and vanishing creams.
5. Cosmetics: Lipstic, talcum powder, after shave lotion, shaving cream. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Cooper and Guns, Dispensing, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
2. Hussa’s Dispensing.
3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
4. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 02
1. Basic Principles of Compounding and Dispensing Including: Weights and Measures, Calculations for compounding and Dispensing, Fundamental operations in Compounding, Containers and closures for Dispensed Products, Prescription-Handling (Parts of Prescription, Filling, Interpretation, Pricing) and Labelling of Dispensed Medication.
2. Extemporaneous Dispensing of: Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Creams, Ointments, Pastes and gels, Suppositories and pessaries, Powders and granules and Oral unit dosage form.
3. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities: Types of Incompatibilities, Manifestations, Correction and Prevention with reference to typical examples.
4. Classical dosage Forms.
5. I.V. Admixtures.
6. Radio-Pharmacy-Techniques and Applications.
PHARMACEUTICS-V (Dispensing Pharmacy)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Practical introduction to prescription-handling, interpretation, filling and Labeling.
1. Mixtures: Dispensing of simple mixtures containing soluble substances only, mixtures containing diffusable substances, indiffusable substances and mixtures forming precipitate.
2. Powders: Dispensing of simple powders, compound powders and effervescent powders for external use.
3. Incompatibility: Practical Importance of Incompatibilities.
4. Ointments And Creams: Dispensing of iodine and Methyl Salicylate ointment. Dispensing of cold cream and vanishing creams.
5. Cosmetics: Lipstic, talcum powder, after shave lotion, shaving cream. (Note: A minimum of 20 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Cooper and Guns, Dispensing, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
2. Hussa’s Dispensing.
3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
4. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Third Professional, First semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
Theory, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Applications of the following Spectroscopic Methods
1. Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy.
2. Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy.
3. Flame Photometry.
4. I.R. Spectroscopy.
5. Mass Spectroscopy.
6. NMR Spectroscopy.
7. UV/Visible Spectroscopy.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996.
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990.
3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the Aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
Theory, Instrumentation and Pharmaceutical Applications of the following Spectroscopic Methods
1. Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy.
2. Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy.
3. Flame Photometry.
4. I.R. Spectroscopy.
5. Mass Spectroscopy.
6. NMR Spectroscopy.
7. UV/Visible Spectroscopy.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III (Instrumentation-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996.
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990.
3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the Aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982
Third Professional, First semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-III
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS: An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g. Adsorption Chromatography and Partition Chromatography.
2. CARBOHYDRATES: Introduction of carbohydrate.
(a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine etc.
(b) Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Purified cotton, Powdered cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose.
(c) Gums and Mucilages: Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin.
3. GLYCOSIDES: Introduction, classification, chemistry and medicinal uses of:
(a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill.
(b) Anthroquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna.
(c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla.
(d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry.
(e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard.
(f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide.
(g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla.
(h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian,. Quassia, Dioscorea.
4. TANNINS: Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds. Detailed study of Hammamelis, Catechu and Nut Galls.
5. LIPIDS: Introduction. Detailed study of:
(a) Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, Sesame oil and soybean oil.
(b) Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lenolin.
(c) Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil.
PHARMACOGNOSY-III
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests for their identification.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed.,
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto,
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission .
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission,
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy. The Blakiston Co. Toronto, 6th Ed.,
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF PLANT CONSTITUTIONS: An introduction to chromatography and chromatographic techniques e.g. Adsorption Chromatography and Partition Chromatography.
2. CARBOHYDRATES: Introduction of carbohydrate.
(a) Sucrose and Sucrose containing drugs: Sucrose, Dextrose, Liquid glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Xylose, Caramel, Honey, Starch, Inulin, Dextrine etc.
(b) Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Purified cotton, Powdered cellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Methyl cellulose, Sodium Carboxy-methyl cellulose.
(c) Gums and Mucilages: Tragacenth, Acacia, Sodium Alginate, Agar, Pectin.
3. GLYCOSIDES: Introduction, classification, chemistry and medicinal uses of:
(a) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, Strophanthus and white squill.
(b) Anthroquinone glycosides: Cascara, Aloe, Rhubarb, Cochineal and Senna.
(c) Saponin glycosides: Glycyrrhiza, Sarsaparilla.
(d) Cyanophore glycosides: Wild cherry.
(e) Isothiocyanate glycosides: Black Mustard.
(f) Lactone glycosides: Cantharide.
(g) Aldehyde glycosides: Vanilla.
(h) Miscellaneous glycosides: Gentian,. Quassia, Dioscorea.
4. TANNINS: Introduction, classification, properties and chemical identity tests of Tannins and Tannin containing compounds. Detailed study of Hammamelis, Catechu and Nut Galls.
5. LIPIDS: Introduction. Detailed study of:
(a) Fixed Oils: Castor oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sun flower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, Almond oil, Linseed oil, Mustard oil, Sesame oil and soybean oil.
(b) Fats and Related Compounds: Theobroma oil and Lenolin.
(c) Waxes: Bees wax, carnauba wax, spermaceti and Jojoba oil.
PHARMACOGNOSY-III
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Extraction of the active constituents of crude drugs and chemical tests for their identification.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed.,
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto,
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission .
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission,
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy. The Blakiston Co. Toronto, 6th Ed.,
Third Professional, First Semester,Pharmacology
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (Systemic Pharmacology)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(a) CNS – Depressants: Hypnotic & Sedatives and Analgesics (Narcotic Analgesics and opioid antagonists, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID] including
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and Drug treatment of Gout)
(b) CNS – Stimulants: Cerebral Stimulants, Medullary stimulants, Spinal Cord Stimulants, Antidepressants, Psychotomimetic or Hallucinogenics, Psychotherapeutic Agents (Anxiolytics and Antipsychotics), Drug treatment of Epilepsy and Drug treatment of Parkinsonism and other movement disorders.
2. ANAESTHETICS
(a) Anaesthesia and its clinical importance.
(b) General Anaesthesia, Mechanism of action and its application.
(c) General Anaesthetics.
(d) Local Anaesthetics.
(e) Spinal Anaesthesia and drug used.
(f) Techniques of Local Anaesthesia.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (Systemic Pharmacology)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To study the convulsant effects of strychnine and picrotoxin in frogs and to determine the site of action. To identify the unknown (convulsant) drug and determine its site of action. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Human Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes. To study the effect of Homatropine on Human Eyes. To identify and observe the effects of unknown drugs on Human Eyes. To study the effects of local anaesthetic drugs on human and the nerve plexus of frog.
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics,
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi,
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. DRUGS ACTING ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(a) CNS – Depressants: Hypnotic & Sedatives and Analgesics (Narcotic Analgesics and opioid antagonists, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAID] including
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and Drug treatment of Gout)
(b) CNS – Stimulants: Cerebral Stimulants, Medullary stimulants, Spinal Cord Stimulants, Antidepressants, Psychotomimetic or Hallucinogenics, Psychotherapeutic Agents (Anxiolytics and Antipsychotics), Drug treatment of Epilepsy and Drug treatment of Parkinsonism and other movement disorders.
2. ANAESTHETICS
(a) Anaesthesia and its clinical importance.
(b) General Anaesthesia, Mechanism of action and its application.
(c) General Anaesthetics.
(d) Local Anaesthetics.
(e) Spinal Anaesthesia and drug used.
(f) Techniques of Local Anaesthesia.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (Systemic Pharmacology)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To study the convulsant effects of strychnine and picrotoxin in frogs and to determine the site of action. To identify the unknown (convulsant) drug and determine its site of action. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Human Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Human Eyes. To study the effect of Homatropine on Human Eyes. To identify and observe the effects of unknown drugs on Human Eyes. To study the effects of local anaesthetic drugs on human and the nerve plexus of frog.
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics,
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi,
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung, B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology,
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology
Third Professional, First Semester, Pathology
PATHOLOGY
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY and; CONCEPT OF DISEASES:
2. DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY: Ischemia, Hypoxia, Necrosis, Infarction, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia, Anaplasia.
3. RESPONSE OF BODY TO INJURY AND INFECTION: Acuate inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Immunity, Allergy, Hyper Sensitivity.
4. SPECIFIC: Ulcer (Peptic, Doudenal), Hypertension, Leukemia or Blood Cancer (Malignant Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Lymphomas), Diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in general, fate, survival and prognosis with tumors.
PATHOLOGY
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Study of Pathological Slides of various Pathological Conditions
Acute inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Chronic specific inflammation, Different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Necrosis, Gangrene, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Pigmentation, Calcification, CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Fibrocarcinoma, Rhadomyosarcoma, Leomyosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Reticular Cell Sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteoclastoma.
Examiantion of different body fluids in various Pathological Conditions
Urine complete Examination, stool Examination, Blood Complete Examination, Semen Examination, Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination, Pericardial fluid examination, Pleural Fluid Examination, Ascitic Fluid Examination, Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Choleterol etc.
Tests for various Specimens of Clinical Importance
Techniques of Clinical Blood Examination for various disases, Gastric Analysis, Tests for liver function test, Renal function test, Tests for endocrine abnormalities, Biopsies and cytologic techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Kumar Cotran Robins, Basic Pathology, 6th Ed., W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1992).
2. Walters and Israel, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998).
3. Peter S Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Collander, Pathology Illustrated, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998).
4. Robbins Pathology, W B Saunders Co, London, 2nd Ed., 1962.
5. Walter G B, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. SCOPE OF PATHOLOGY and; CONCEPT OF DISEASES:
2. DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY: Ischemia, Hypoxia, Necrosis, Infarction, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia, Anaplasia.
3. RESPONSE OF BODY TO INJURY AND INFECTION: Acuate inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Immunity, Allergy, Hyper Sensitivity.
4. SPECIFIC: Ulcer (Peptic, Doudenal), Hypertension, Leukemia or Blood Cancer (Malignant Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Lymphomas), Diagnosis and treatment of Cancer in general, fate, survival and prognosis with tumors.
PATHOLOGY
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Study of Pathological Slides of various Pathological Conditions
Acute inflammation, Chronic inflammation, Chronic specific inflammation, Different types of Degeneration, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Necrosis, Gangrene, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Pigmentation, Calcification, CVC, Papilloma, Adenoma, Chondroma, Fibroma, Leomyoma, Neofibroma, Sq. Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Fibrocarcinoma, Rhadomyosarcoma, Leomyosarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Reticular Cell Sarcoma, Hodgkins disease, Breast Carcinoma, Osteogenic Sarcoma, Osteoclastoma.
Examiantion of different body fluids in various Pathological Conditions
Urine complete Examination, stool Examination, Blood Complete Examination, Semen Examination, Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination, Pericardial fluid examination, Pleural Fluid Examination, Ascitic Fluid Examination, Blood Sugar, Blood Urea, Blood Choleterol etc.
Tests for various Specimens of Clinical Importance
Techniques of Clinical Blood Examination for various disases, Gastric Analysis, Tests for liver function test, Renal function test, Tests for endocrine abnormalities, Biopsies and cytologic techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Kumar Cotran Robins, Basic Pathology, 6th Ed., W B Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1992).
2. Walters and Israel, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998).
3. Peter S Macfarlane, Robin Reid, Robin Collander, Pathology Illustrated, Churchill Livingstone, London (1998).
4. Robbins Pathology, W B Saunders Co, London, 2nd Ed., 1962.
5. Walter G B, General Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Second Professional, Second Semester, Islamiyat
ISLAMIYAT
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University
Second Professional, Second Semester, Microbiology
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
2. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction to Sterilization/Disinfection. Fermentation. Pharmaceutical products produced by fermentation process (Penicillins, Cepalosporins, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Rifamycin, Griseofulvin)
3. IMMUNOLOGY: Introduction, Types of Imunity: Specific and nonspecific (Cellular basis of Immune response. Immunity, autoimmunity, tolerance. Antigen. Antibodies). Antigen-Antibody reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy. Drug allergy mechanism. Vaccination: Introduction and aims. Types of Vaccines. Current vaccine practices.
4. FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE: Introduction, Control of Microbial contamination during manufacture, Mnaufacture of Sterile products, A Guide to Current Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practices.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II
(LABORATORY)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods. Microbiological assays of: Antibiotics and vitamins.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot, Microbiology by lipponcott, William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology, John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
2. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction to Sterilization/Disinfection. Fermentation. Pharmaceutical products produced by fermentation process (Penicillins, Cepalosporins, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Tetracyclines, Rifamycin, Griseofulvin)
3. IMMUNOLOGY: Introduction, Types of Imunity: Specific and nonspecific (Cellular basis of Immune response. Immunity, autoimmunity, tolerance. Antigen. Antibodies). Antigen-Antibody reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications. Hypersensitivity and allergy. Drug allergy mechanism. Vaccination: Introduction and aims. Types of Vaccines. Current vaccine practices.
4. FACTORY AND HOSPITAL HYGIENE AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE: Introduction, Control of Microbial contamination during manufacture, Mnaufacture of Sterile products, A Guide to Current Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practices.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-II
(LABORATORY)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods. Microbiological assays of: Antibiotics and vitamins.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot, Microbiology by lipponcott, William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo, Introduction to Microbiology, John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
Second Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-II
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy.
2. ENZYMES: Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.
3. POISONOUS PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan.
4. PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods.
PHARMACOGNOSY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Microscopic examination of powders and sections of plant drugs. A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from various hilly areas of the country.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy.
2. ENZYMES: Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.
3. POISONOUS PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan.
4. PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods.
PHARMACOGNOSY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Microscopic examination of powders and sections of plant drugs. A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from various hilly areas of the country.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
Second Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacology
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS:
Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and Other Autocoids
2. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Drugs used for cough (Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents).
(b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists)
3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Angina pectoris and its drug treatment.
(b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment.
(c) Antiarrhythmic drugs.
(d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia.
(e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants.
(f) Antihypertensives.
(g) Diuretics.
4. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants.
5. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001.
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS:
Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and Other Autocoids
2. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Drugs used for cough (Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents).
(b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists)
3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Angina pectoris and its drug treatment.
(b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment.
(c) Antiarrhythmic drugs.
(d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia.
(e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants.
(f) Antihypertensives.
(g) Diuretics.
4. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants.
5. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001.
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
Second Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use.
2. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
3. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Anemas.
4. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage.
5. POWDERS, CAPSULES, and TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation.
6. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances.
7. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products.
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulpher ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral
hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th time (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Ed.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use.
2. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
3. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Anemas.
4. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage.
5. POWDERS, CAPSULES, and TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation.
6. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances.
7. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products.
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulpher ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral
hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th time (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Ed.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
Second Professional, First semester, Pak Studies
PAKISTAN STUDIES
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.
2. ORGANISMS:
The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication.
3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS.
4. THE PROTOZOA.
5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (General introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil).
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of micro-organisms. Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot. Microbiology by Lipponcott. William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology. John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.
2. ORGANISMS:
The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication.
3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS.
4. THE PROTOZOA.
5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (General introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil).
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of micro-organisms. Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot. Microbiology by Lipponcott. William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology. John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-I
Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.
2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families Crude Drugs
a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.
f. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.
j. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.
3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.
PHARMACOGNOSY -I
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants. Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification. Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude
Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.
2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families Crude Drugs
a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.
f. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.
j. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.
3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.
PHARMACOGNOSY -I
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
PHARMACOLOGY and THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources
(b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.
(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution.
(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.
2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
(d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers).
(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.
(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.
(g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers).
(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.
3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
(a) Emetic.
(b) Anti-emetics.
(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives.
(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.
(e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.
(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel.
(g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources
(b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.
(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution.
(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.
2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
(d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers).
(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.
(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.
(g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers).
(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.
3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
(a) Emetic.
(b) Anti-emetics.
(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives.
(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.
(e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.
(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel.
(g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients
2. Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions. Calculation of Doses. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas. Density, Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids. Percentage Preparations. Isotonic Solutions. HLB Values. Industrial Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration.
3. Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts Tinctures. Aromatic Waters.
4. Extraction Processes: Maceration: Purpose and process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction.
5. Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations.
6. Oral Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs and Spirits: Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions, oral colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups. Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs.
7. Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples, and Importance.
PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of simple syrup, Orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid glycerine, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite. (A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Pharmaceutics, the Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., Haw Court Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W, Eds.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed, J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients
2. Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions. Calculation of Doses. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas. Density, Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids. Percentage Preparations. Isotonic Solutions. HLB Values. Industrial Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration.
3. Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts Tinctures. Aromatic Waters.
4. Extraction Processes: Maceration: Purpose and process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction.
5. Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations.
6. Oral Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs and Spirits: Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions, oral colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups. Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs.
7. Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples, and Importance.
PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of simple syrup, Orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid glycerine, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite. (A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Pharmaceutics, the Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., Haw Court Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W, Eds.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed, J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
First Professional, Second Semester, Biostatistics
BIOSTATISTICS
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected?
2. ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.
3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.
4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve.
5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules,Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions).
6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND COORELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient.
7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions.
8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions.
9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Ccompression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.
Recommended Books
1. Daniel W W, Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983.
2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA.
3. Nilton J S, and Tsokos J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983.
4. Chaudhry S A and Kamal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, 1996.
5. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA, 1991.
6. Walpole R E, Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, 1982.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected?
2. ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.
3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.
4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve.
5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules,Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions).
6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND COORELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient.
7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions.
8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions.
9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Ccompression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.
Recommended Books
1. Daniel W W, Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983.
2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA.
3. Nilton J S, and Tsokos J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983.
4. Chaudhry S A and Kamal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, 1996.
5. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA, 1991.
6. Walpole R E, Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, 1982.
First Professional, Second Semester, Physiology and Histology
PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Physiology
1. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF.
3. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin.
4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.
5. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone. Nature of different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone.
(a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.
(b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema.
(c) Para thyriod Hormone:
(d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.
(e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.
(f) Sex Hormones: Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.).
Histology
1. Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.
2. Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.
3. Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.
4. Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract).
5. Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.
PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.
Physiology
1. Eye: Visual activity, far vision and near vision. Field of vision (Perimetry).
2. CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes.
Histology
Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system – Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.
Recommended Books
Physiology
1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996.
2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, 17th Ed., 1995.
3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994.
4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.
5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, 3rd Ed.
6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Little Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992.
Histology
1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984.
2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.
3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1993.
4. Hammersen F, Histology; colour atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Physiology
1. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF.
3. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin.
4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.
5. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone. Nature of different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone.
(a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.
(b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema.
(c) Para thyriod Hormone:
(d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.
(e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.
(f) Sex Hormones: Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.).
Histology
1. Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.
2. Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.
3. Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.
4. Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract).
5. Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.
PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.
Physiology
1. Eye: Visual activity, far vision and near vision. Field of vision (Perimetry).
2. CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes.
Histology
Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system – Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.
Recommended Books
Physiology
1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996.
2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, 17th Ed., 1995.
3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994.
4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.
5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, 3rd Ed.
6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Little Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992.
Histology
1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984.
2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.
3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1993.
4. Hammersen F, Histology; colour atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
-
It is the loss of water from a crystal. It means “to flower out” in French. It is the spontaneous loss of water (or solvent) from a hyd...
-
Q: What do you know about ergot alkaloids? Ans: These include alkaloids which we get from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea or derived ...
-
(For detailed study of Pharmaceutical Incompatibility Click here) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Pharmaceutical Incompatibility in ...
