Earth and Heavens, some timeline, and ALLAH's power over everything

In this video (spoken: Urdu, written: English), Usman Zafar Paracha discusses something about the creation of universe, some points about timelines in the creation, and ALLAH has power over everything. Hope, you will like and share it.

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New method is relatively easy and efficient to produce hydrogen from water / Related Research Suggestions

Main Point:

Scientists have found a quick method of generating hydrogen from water using a catalyst in the presence of sunlight.

Published in:

Nature Nanotechnology

Study Further:

In the present study, scientists used cobalt oxide nanoparticles to break water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

According to Jiming Bao, lead author of the paper and an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at UH, this is the first experiment to use cobalt oxide and the first to use neutral water under visible light at high energy conversion efficiency.

Nanoparticles for the present study were prepared in two ways, i.e. femtosecond laser ablation and through mechanical ball milling, and nanoparticles prepared through both ways worked well. Moreover, different sources of light were used including laser, white light simulating solar spectrum and natural sunlight.

The experiment worked equally well in the presence of sunlight and nanoparticles, hydrogen and oxygen were separated almost immediately from water. However, one of the problems in this process is the reduced lifespan of cobalt oxide nanoparticles that became deactivated after about an hour of reaction.

Research Suggestions:

Although the results were commendable in this study but the conversion rate is still too low with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency rate of about 5% that it cannot be used commercially at this time. According to Bao, better efficiency rate would be nearly 10%, i.e. 10% of solar energy would result in hydrogen chemical energy. You can work to improve the efficiency of this process.

Among the other research suggestions are reducing the cost of the process and increased the lifespan of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Sources:

Researchers split water into hydrogen, oxygen using light, nanoparticles - EurekAlert (http://goo.gl/2Wg8hw)

Efficient solar water-splitting using a nanocrystalline CoO photocatalyst - Nature Nanotechnology (http://goo.gl/OmtVBu)

How we can make the bird flu?

Researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have finally published the research relating to the preparation of the bird flu and how it can be spread to mammals. They have published their findings in the Wednesday issue of the Journal Nature.

This research is one of the two controversial researches that was in debate since August.

Second research is expected to appear soon in the journal Science.

Further Reading:
SayPeople

Research idea for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Little presentation for the research idea for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which is a degenerative process of the brain.

Research Grabber (RG)

Download Research Grabber by Sabr (RG) here



This explorer is world's first explorer of its type to help you in your research projects and finding free research papers. It will enable you to generate new ideas.

This explorer simply tells you what is unknown and unclear. And give you an option to purchase books and other items related to your research project.

Miracle drug

Miracle drug is a type of drug that can cure incurable disease.

Initially, Aspirin and Penicillin and now Hercpetin, Breast Cancer Drug, is considered as miracle drug.

Science Research Ideas: Biology

It is still to find out that how the actual replication initiation machinery is taken up by the replication origin. Here the actual replication initiation machinery can be replication protein-A or DNA polymerase a-primase.

The mechanism by which the components of the initiation complex such as Cdc45p or Mcm proteins become part of the elongating replication fork is still not clear.

It is still unclear that whether the protein-DNA interactions, found at the lamin B2 origin, are due to pre-RC (i.e. at the time of G1 phase) and post-RC (i.e. at the time of S phase) formation. But recent studies (RIP mapping analyses) show that the replication start points are close to the site of protein-DNA interaction.

It is still to be found whether Cdc6p and other proteins change origin recognition complex (ORC) binding in higher eukaryotes and whether this change affect the origin choice at the "Origin decision point" in mammalian cells.

It is still not clear whether ORCs of highly developed organisms recognize structural features or specific sequences.

The mechanism by which the iron rule of initiating DNA replication i.e. once and only once per cell cycle,  predominates is still not known.

The relationship between replication start sites and the ORC binding sites is still unclear as the initiation pattern of the chorion origin at the nucleotide level is still to be determined. (Chorion is the outermost membrane around the embryo).

It is still to be found whether HoxC10p and HoxC13p (Proteins involved in morphogenesis of multicellular organisms) can bind to the ORC binding site.

Lagging strand (Okazaki fragment) start sites do not share any consensus sequence, even within a given gene position, and the mechanism underlying their regular spacing is still unclear.

References:
Bielinsky, A. K., & Gerbi, S. A. (2001). Where it all starts: eukaryotic origins of DNA replication. Journal of Cell Science , 643-651.
Tag:
Biology, Year 2001

Science Research ideas

In Eukaryotic cells, DNA synthesis starts at different places of chromosomes. Scientists have still to find the relationship between sites of initiation of replication and replication licensing factor i.e. protein or proteins allowing the replication origin to start DNA replication at that site. It was clear that replication licensing are not specific for particular replication origins.

Work on the genetic origin in higher eukaryotes is still in progress. Infact it is to be found that whether genetic origins of DNA replication exist in higher eukaryotes or not. Different opinions are found in the scientific literature on the specific sequences for origins on studying the DNA replication of metazoan.

Functional origins of replication are shown to be present in higher eukaryotes but the properties are still to be found.

It is still unclear that how the replication process takes place in replication systems which are cell free such as SV40 virus in-vitro replication system. Some work has been done.

It has been suggested to work on the nuclear structure participation in the regulation of the DNA replication as this can be a shining topic in the near future.


Reference:
Rui, W. J. (1999). Regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication and nuclear structure. Cell Research , 163-170.

Tag: Biology, Year 1999

The lagrangian method

Lagrangian method is one of the optimization methods and is an extened form of Classic method of simplifying the formulae and methods. This method helps in finding the maxima i.e. greatest possible amount, and minima i.e. minimum possible degree, of a function depending on the constraints.

Following steps are usually followed in the langragian method:

1. Objective function is determined:
Objective function is a function in optimization theory. This function is to be maximized or minimized i.e. to be optimized. Here function is a quantity depending on another quantity and it can be changed by changing the values of the other quantity.
We can express objective funcion with expression like "Z(X')"
Where X' is the decision variable representing variable for which we can make decisions or which can be changed i.e. X' = (X1, X2,...Xn)

2. Constraints are determined
Constraints are the factors that causes limitations to the freedom of something. Problems related to pharmaceutical product and process desgin are considered as constrained optimization problems.

3. Inequality constraints are converted into equality constraints

4. From the lagrange function, assign

    a. One lagrange multiplier i.e. lambda for each constraint

    b. One slack variable i.e q for each inequaltiy constraint

5. The lagrange function for each variable, is differentiated partially, and setting the derivative equal to zero.

6. The set of simultaneous equations are solved

7. Resulting values are substituted into the objective functions

Provision for this method is the completion of the experiment before the optimization so that the mathematical models can be generated. Moreover, in lagrangian method several responses or dependent variables can be handled but work can be done on only two independent variables.

Indian Journal of Cancer

The Indian journal of cancer is a peer reviewed journal published on behalf of Indian society of oncology and indian cancer society giving free access to articles on its website http://www.indianjcancer.com.it/ was established in 1963.

Following are the topics included in the Indian Journal of Cancer:
1. Oncology
2. Oncopathology
3. Radiation Oncology
4. Surgical Oncology

Its Pubmed articles are also present in the link below:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=DetailsSearch&term=Indian+Journal+of+Cancer[jo]

The Address of its editorial office is as follows:

INDIAN CANCER SOCIETY

Lady Ratan Tata Medical and Research Centre

M. Karve Road, Cooperage, Bombay 400021, India.

Phone: 91-22-2202 9941/2202 9942,

Fax: 91-22-2287 2745

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" is one of the peer reviewed medical journals having free full text articles on its website, http://www.ijpsonline.com/. This journal is an official publication of science from Indian Pharmaceutical Association. Initially, this publication came on quarterly basis but now this journal is bimonthly and works since 1939.

Following are the subjects covered by Injian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences:
1. Pharmaceutics including Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacy practice, hospital and clinical pharmacy
2. Pharmacology
3. Pharmacognosy
4. Pharmaceutical Analysis

Following link gives the results of Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=DetailsSearch&term=Indian+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Sciences[jo]

Address of the editorial office of "Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences" is as follows:

The Editor,

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Kalina, Santacruz East,

Mumbai-400 098.

Email: ijps2002(at)rediffmail(dot)com

Drug discovery

Introduction:
Drug discovery is the research process of designing and discovering a new drug for the required biological responses in animals resulting in desired effects in human beings. The process of drug discovery is done in different fields like Pharmacology, Biotechnology and medicine.

In old times, drug was discovered either
1. checking the ingredients from conventional or known remedies or
2. by accidental discoveries

But now study is done even the minutest molecular and physiological level so that the better drugs, targeting the specific receptors, are developed. Drug discovery is one the most lengthy and expensive processes in Pharmaceutical and related fields. One of the most important process for Drug discovery is High-Throughput screening.

Stages for an approved new molecular entity:
A new molecular entity passes through the following stages:
1. Drug Discovery
    a. Identification
    b. Synthesis
    c. Characterization
    d. Screening
    e. Assays for therapeutic effectiveness
2. Drug Development or Preclinical Development
3. Clinical Trials
    a. Phase 0
    b. Phase 1
    c. Phase 2
    d. Phase 3
    e. Phase 4

Challenges to Overcome in Drug Discovery:

Following changes are usually considered in Drug Discovery:
1. Effective targeting of the drug
2. Drug must be cost effective
3. Patient Compliance
4. Prevention of drug from degradation
5. Extended life of the drug product

Drawbacks in Drug Discovery and its removal:
This process is
- lengthy,
- difficult,
- expensive and
- Inefficient having low rate of new drug discovery.

Nowadays, the knowledge of human genome has very benefacial effects on the drug discovery as it has removed many steps of drug discovery including the study of new drug targets.

Ceramide

Ceramides belong to a class of lipid molecules and are the principal component of intercellular lipids.
It is also found in the skin.

Structure:

Uses:
It is an important component in the cohesion of the cells of the skin i.e. holds the cells of the skin in a smooth and firm structure. Ceramide is used as an emollient in the products of hair care.

The Simplex Method

It is a mathematical optimization method, which is used in many operations including pharmaceutical operations and processes.Simplex algorithm is adopted for simplex method.

Simplex method was developed by George Dantzig in 1947. He was an American mathematician.
The name of the algorithm is derived from the concept of a simplex. "Simplex" represents a geometric figure. Simplex is represented by the minimum number of dimensions of the space such as a line is represented by the two dimensional space and triangle is represented  by the two dimensional space (i.e. corners - 1 = dimensions). From these illustrations it can be clear that for two independent variables or factors the shape of the simplex will be triangle. Simplices are not actually used in the method, but one interpretation of it is that it operates on simplicial cones and these become simplices with an additional constraint.

Simplex method works on linear programs in standard form.

Effectiveness:
Simplex is one of the most effective methods of optimization.