Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacognosy

PHARMACOGNOSY-I

(Theory)
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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants. Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification. Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude

Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.

2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE

Families Crude Drugs

a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.

b. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.

c. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.

d. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.

e. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.

f. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.

g. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).

h. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.

i. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.

j. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.

3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.

PHARMACOGNOSY -I
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).

(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books

1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.

2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.

3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.

4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.

6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.

8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.

Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacology and Therapeutics

PHARMACOLOGY and THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Theory)


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1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources

(b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.

(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution.

(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.

2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.

(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.

(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.

(d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers).

(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.

(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.

(g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers).

(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.

3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:

(a) Emetic.

(b) Anti-emetics.

(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives.

(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.

(e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.

(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel.

(g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.

Note:

1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.

2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.

3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.

4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.

PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.

(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books

1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.

2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.

3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.

4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.

5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.

6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.

7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001

8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.

9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.

10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar.

11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.

12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.

Second Professional, First semester, Pharmaceutics

PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)

(Theory)

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1. Introduction: Dosage form. Ingredients

2. Pharmaceutical Calculations: Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations. The Metric System. The Common Systems. Conversions. Calculation of Doses. Reducing and Enlarging Formulas. Density, Specific Gravity & Specific Volume. Weights and Volumes of Liquids. Percentage Preparations. Isotonic Solutions. HLB Values. Industrial Calculations. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-ion concentration.

3. Galenical Preparations: Infusions. Decoctions. Extracts. Fluid extracts Tinctures. Aromatic Waters.

4. Extraction Processes: Maceration: Purpose and process. Percolation: Purpose and Process. Liquid-Liquid extraction. Large scale extraction.

5. Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations.

6. Oral Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs and Spirits: Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions, oral colonic leverage solution. Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups. Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs.

7. Oral Suspensions, Emulsions, Magma and Gels: Preparations, Examples, and Importance.

PHARMACEUTICS-III (Pharmaceutical Preparations-I)
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of simple syrup, Orange syrup, Ferrous sulphate syrup, Cod Liver oil Emulsion, Liquid paraffin Emulsion, Throat paint (Mandle’s paint), Boroglycerine glycerite, Tannic acid glycerine, Spirit ammonia aromatic, Spirit of Ethyl nitrite. (A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)

Recommended Books

1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.

2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

3. Pharmaceutics, the Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., Haw Court Publisher, 2002.

4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.

5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W, Eds.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed, J B Lippincott Co, 1990.

First Professional, Second Semester, Biostatistics

BIOSTATISTICS
(Theory)


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1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected?

2. ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.

3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.

4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve.

5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules,Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions).

6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND COORELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient.

7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions.

8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions.

9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Ccompression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.

Recommended Books

1. Daniel W W, Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983.

2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA.

3. Nilton J S, and Tsokos J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983.

4. Chaudhry S A and Kamal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, 1996.

5. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA, 1991.

6. Walpole R E, Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, 1982.

First Professional, Second Semester, Physiology and Histology

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Theory)

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Physiology

1. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF.

3. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin.

4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.

5. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone. Nature of different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone.

(a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.

(b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema.

(c) Para thyriod Hormone:

(d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.

(e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.

(f) Sex Hormones: Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.).

Histology

1. Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.

2. Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.

3. Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.

4. Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract).

5. Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.

Physiology

1. Eye: Visual activity, far vision and near vision. Field of vision (Perimetry).

2. CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes.

Histology

Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system – Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.

Recommended Books

Physiology

1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996.

2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, 17th Ed., 1995.

3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994.

4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.

5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, 3rd Ed.

6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Little Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992.

Histology

1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984.

2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.

3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1993.

4. Hammersen F, Histology; colour atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.

First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)

(Theory)

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1. DISPERSED SYSTEM:

(a) Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy.

(b) Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification. Emulsifying agents, their classification and stability of emulsion.

(c) Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability.

(d) Adsorption Techniques: Adsorption techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.

2. RHEOLOGY:

(a) Definition and Fundamental concept.

(b) Properties contributing to rheological behaviour.

(c) Graphic presentation of rheological data.

3. RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS.

4. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC

CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation:

(a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acidbase catalysis, U.V. light.

(b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Determination of Emulsion systems. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific gravity method. Determination of Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994.

2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996.

4. Martin P, Bustamante, P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York.

5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985.

6. Mill C C, Casson N, Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975.

7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990.

8. Barry B W, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990.

9. Sherman P. Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972.

10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983.

11. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982.

First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical BioChemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Theory)

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1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)

(a) Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.

(b) Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through â-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.

(d) Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes

(a) Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin – members of B-complex family – and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

(b) Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.

(c) Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.

(d) Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications. Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates – Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books

1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.

2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.

3. Albert L Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.

4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.

5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company,

6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996.

7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.

8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.

9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed.,