PHARMACOGNOSY-II
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. ALLERGENS AND ALLERGENIC PREPARATION: Introduction, case history, skin test, treatment off allergy, inhalant, ingestant, injectant, contactant, infectant and infestant allergens. Mechanism of allergy.
2. ENZYMES: Enzymes obtained from plant source. (Phytoenzymes). Papain Bromelain and Malt Extract. Enzymes obtained from Animal source. Rennin pepsin, Pancreatin and Pancrealipase.
3. POISONOUS PLANTS: General introduction of poisonous plants with special reference to Pakistan.
4. PESTICIDES: Introduction. Methods of controlling pests with special reference to natural methods.
PHARMACOGNOSY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Microscopic examination of powders and sections of plant drugs. A Study Tour will be an integral part of the syllabus and will be arranged at the end of the session for collection of medicinal plants from various hilly areas of the country.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Second Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacology
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS:
Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and Other Autocoids
2. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Drugs used for cough (Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents).
(b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists)
3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Angina pectoris and its drug treatment.
(b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment.
(c) Antiarrhythmic drugs.
(d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia.
(e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants.
(f) Antihypertensives.
(g) Diuretics.
4. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants.
5. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001.
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. AUTACOIDS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS:
Histamine and Antihistamines, Serotonin and Serotonin Antagonists and Other Autocoids
2. DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
(a) Drugs used for cough (Antitussives, Expectorants and Mucolytic Agents).
(b) Drug treatment of Bronchial Asthma (Bronchodilators, Cromoglycate, Nedocromil, Cortecosteroids & other Anti-inflammatory drugs and Muscarinic receptor antagonists)
3. DRUGS ACTING ON CARDIO-VESCULAR SYSTEM:
(a) Angina pectoris and its drug treatment.
(b) Congestive heart failure & its treatment.
(c) Antiarrhythmic drugs.
(d) Agents used in Hyperlipidemia.
(e) Coagulants and Anticoagulants.
(f) Antihypertensives.
(g) Diuretics.
4. DRUGS ACTING ON GENITOURINARY SYSTEM:
Oxytoxic drugs, Ergot alkaloids and uterine relaxants.
5. ANTI-ANAEMIC DRUGS.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II (General-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. To demonstate the effects of vasconstrictor drugs on Frog’s blood vessels. To demonstrate the effects of stimulant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Acetyl choline, Barium chloride). To demonstrate the effects of depressant drugs on Rabbit’s intestine (Atropine). To differentiate the effects of an unknown drug on Rabbit’s intestine and identify the (unknown) drug. To study the effects of Adrenaline on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Homatropine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Pilocarpine on Rabbit’s Eyes. To study the effects of Local Anaesthetic drug (e.g. Cocaine) on Rabbit’s Eyes. To identify the unknown drug & differentiate its effects on Rabbit’s Eyes. (Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books (Pharmacology)
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001.
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993
10. Prof Dr A Qayum, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995
12. William F Ganong, W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
Second Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use.
2. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
3. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Anemas.
4. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage.
5. POWDERS, CAPSULES, and TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation.
6. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances.
7. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products.
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulpher ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral
hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th time (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Ed.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: Introduction of Ointments, Creams, Pastes, Poultice, Plasters, Lotions, Liniments, Topical gels, Topical Tinctures, Collodions, Topical solutions, Topical Powders, Percutaneous absorption, Transdermal systems in use.
2. OPHTHALMIC, NASAL AND OTIC PREPARATIONS: Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions. Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers. Ear preparations: Antiinfective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
3. SUPPOSITORIES AND VAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES: Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage, Solutions/Anemas.
4. AEROSOLS, INHALATIONS AND SPRAYS: Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage.
5. POWDERS, CAPSULES, and TABLET DOSAGE FORMS: Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent, granulated salts. Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application. Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation.
6. INTRODUCTION TO PARENTERALS: Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances.
7. A brief introduction to oral hygiene products.
Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Preparations-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Prepartion of Methyl salicylate ointment, Sulpher ointment, Calamine lotion, Iodine tincture, Preparations of oral
hygiene products, Poultice of Kaolin, Effervescent granules, Distilled Water for injections.
(A minimum of 10n practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Michel E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, ELBS/Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. Bentley’s Book of Pharmaceutics, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986
3. Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design. 2nd Ed., HawCourt Publisher, 2002.
4. E A Rawlins, Berdley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, edited by 8th time (or recent edition) 1977. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, New York.
5. Sprowl’s (Dittert L W; Ed.), American Pharmacy, 7th Ed., J B Lippincott Co, 1990.
Second Professional, First semester, Pak Studies
PAKISTAN STUDIES
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
As per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. classes, approved by the respective University.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmaceutical Microbiology
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.
2. ORGANISMS:
The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication.
3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS.
4. THE PROTOZOA.
5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (General introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil).
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of micro-organisms. Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot. Microbiology by Lipponcott. William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology. John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY: Historical Introduction, Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.
2. ORGANISMS:
The Bacteria: General and cellular Morphology, structure and function. Classification of Bacteria. Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics. Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods. The Viruses: Introduction, Classification (and detail of at least one species from every group), cultivation, and replication.
3. THE FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS.
4. THE PROTOZOA.
5. The NORMAL FLORA: Microbiology of air, water and soil (General introduction and normal inhibitants of air, water, and soil).
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY-I
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of micro-organisms. Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characteriz-ation of some specimen. Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining. Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil.
Recommended Books
1. Jawetiz, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5th Ed., Churchill Livingstone, London, 1998.
2. W B Hugo & A D Russell, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Black Well Science Ltd, London, 6th Ed., 1998.
3. Lippincot. Microbiology by Lipponcott. William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
4. Alcamo. Introduction to Microbiology. John Bartlett Publishers, 6th Ed., 2003.
5. Collin and Lynes, Microbiological Methods, Vutterworth Heineman, Oxford, 1995.
6. M Mekallee, Microbiology: Essentials and Application, McGraw-Hill Inc, 2nd Ed.
7. Singleton and Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular biology, John Willey & Sons, New York, 2000.
8. Pelczar, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill Inc, 1996.
9. Prescott, Harley, Microbiology, 2nd Ed., Klein Wm C Brown Publishers, 2001.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-I
Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.
2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families Crude Drugs
a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.
f. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.
j. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.
3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.
PHARMACOGNOSY -I
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy. Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants. Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine). Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification. Terminology Used in Pharmacognosy. Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage. Preservation, Packing, Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude
Drugs. Evaluation of Crude Drugs I E. Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and Biological.
2. THE STUDY OF THE CRUDE DRUGS BELONGING TO VARIOUS FAMILIES OF MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE
Families Crude Drugs
a. Ranunculanceae Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis.
b. Papaveraaceae Papaver Somniferum, Sanguinaria, Canadensis.
c. Leguminosae Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.
d. Umbelliferae Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida.
e. Apocynaceae Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.
f. Solanaceae Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.
g. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien).
h. Labiatae Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimum.
i. Liliaceae Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe.
j. Zingiberaceae Ginger, Curcuma.
3. GROWTH REGULATORS: General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.
PHARMACOGNOSY -I
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Introduction of the entire and broken parts of the plant drugs (Macro and organoleptic characters).
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
Second Professional, First semester, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
PHARMACOLOGY and THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources
(b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.
(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution.
(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.
2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
(d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers).
(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.
(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.
(g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers).
(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.
3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
(a) Emetic.
(b) Anti-emetics.
(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives.
(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.
(e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.
(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel.
(g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
(a) Introduction: History, Pharmacology and its classification and Drugs and their sources
(b) Routes of drugs administration: Advantages and disadvantages of Enteral Routes, Advantages and disadvantages of Parentral Routes and Advantages and disadvantages of Topical Routes.
(c) Pharmacokinetics: Drug solubility and passage of drugs across the body membranes, Plasma concentration of drugs and various factors affecting it (Absorption and factors influencing the rate of absorption (GIT and other routes) of drugs, Distribution and factors influencing the rate of distribution of drugs, Biotransformation and factors influencing the rate of biotransformation of drugs, Excretion, channels of excretion and factors influencing the rate of excretion of drugs), Definition of (Bioabvailability & Bioequivalence, Therapeutic Index, Plasma Half Life (t½), Dose-Response Curve, Area Under Curve, Volume of Distribution.
(d) Pharmacodynamics: Drug receptors and theories, Mechanisms of drug action, Specificity of drug action and Factors modifying the action & dosage of drugs.
2. DRUGS ACTING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
(a) Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.
(b) Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.
(c) Sympathetic agonist drugs: Catecholamines and Non-catecholamines.
(d) Sympathetic antagonist drugs: Adrenergics Nerve Blockers, Adrenoceptor antagonists (Alpha-adrenergic blockers and Betaadrenergic blockers).
(e) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Anticholinestrase inhibitors.
(f) Parasympathetic antagonists.
(g) Drugs acting on Ganglia (Ganglian stimulants and Ganglion blockers).
(h) Neuromuscular blocking drugs.
3. DRUGS ACTING ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
(a) Emetic.
(b) Anti-emetics.
(c) Purgatives: Bulk forming purgatives, Lubricant purgatives, Irritant purgatives and Saline Purgatives.
(d) Anti-diarrheal Agents.
(e) Treatment of Peptic & Dudenal Ulcers: Antiacids, H2-Receptor Antagonists, Antimuscarinic Agents, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Gastrin Receptor Antagonist and Cytoprotective agents.
(f) Drug treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of bowel.
(g) Drugs affecting bile flow and Cholelithiasis.
Note:
1. Only an introduction will be given of the banned and obsolete drug products.
2. While dealing with Pharmacology stress should be laid to the group actions of related drugs and only important differences should be discussed of the individual drugs placed in same group.
3. Newly introducted drugs should be included in the syllabus while drugs with no clinical and therapeutic values ought to be excluded from syllabus at any time.
4. The prototype drugs in each group from the latest edition of the recommended books.
PHARMACOLOGY and; THERAPEUTICS-I (General-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Preparation of standard solution. Ringer solution. Tyrode solution. Kreb solution. Normal saline solution. To demonstrate the effects of sympathomimetic (Adrenaline) & sympatholytic drugs (Propranolol) on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of parasympathomimetic (Acetylcholine) and parasympatholytic (Atropine) drugs on Frog’s heart. To demonstrate the effects of an unknown drug on Frog’s heart. Routes of Administration of drugs.
(Note: A minimum of 10 practicals will be conducted)
Recommended Books
1. Goodman Gillman, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1996.
2. Winguard and Brody, Human Pharmacology, Mosby Year Book, Boston, 1991.
3. James M Ritter and Lionel De Levis, A Text book of Clinical Pharmacology, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
4. R S Satorkar and S D Bhandarkar, Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, Bomby, 1993.
5. J D Tripathy, Essential of Medical Pharmacology, Japees Brother, New Delhi, 4th Ed., 2000.
6. D R Laurance, Clinical Pharmacology, ELBS, London, 6th Ed., 1987.
7. Katzung B G, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishers, New York, 8th Ed., 2001
8. Lipponcott, Pharmacology, Lippincot William & Willkin, USA, 2001.
9. Manuchair Edabi, Pharmacology, Little Brown & Company, London, 1993.
10. Qayum A, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Ghandhara University, Peshawar.
11. Bertram G K, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Paramount Publishing Business & Professional Group, USA, 6th Ed., 1995.
12. William F, Ganong W F, Review of Medical physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, New Jersey.
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