First Professional; First Semester, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I
(Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BASIC BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

Role of pharmaceutical biochemistry in the health profession.

Nature of biochemical reactions.

2. BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES (Nature, Classification etc.)

(a) Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Classification, Reactions of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrates.

(b) Lipids: Chemistry of Fatty acids and Lipids, Classification (Saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids, Simple, Complex and 77 derived lipids), Reactions of Fatty acids and other Lipids, Essential fatty acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of lipids.

(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Chemistry, Classification of proteins and amino acids, Reactions of proteins and amino acids, Organizational levels, Macromolecular nature of proteins, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins and amino acids.

(d) Nucleic acids: Chemistry, Types (DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), Purine and Pyrimidine bases, Nucelosides, Nucelotides, Structures of nucleic acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of nucleic acids.

(e) Vitamins: Chemistry, Classification (Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of vitamins.

(f) Hormones: Chemistry, Classification (Proteinous and nonproteinous hormones, amino acid derivatives, steroids), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of hormones.

(g) Enzymes: Chemistry, Classification, Mode of action, Kinetics (Michaelis Menten Equation and some modifications), Inhibition, Activation, Specificity, Allosteric enzymes, Factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, Biological and pharmaceutical

importance, Mechanism of action of some important enzymes (Chymotrypsin, Ribonuclease).

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I
(Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Qualitative analysis of: Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins, Lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol) Bile salts and billirubin, Blood analysis – Sugar, Uric acid, Billirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books

1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.

2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.

3. Albert L Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.

4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.

5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company, 1994.

6. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Carvan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.

7. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.

8. Student's Companion to Stryer's Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer

First Professional; First Semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I)
[Theory]


Cr. Hr. 03

Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. BASIC CONCEPTS: Conjugation, hyperconjugation, steric effect, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, hydrogen bonding, Theory of resonance. Effect of structure on reactivity of compounds. Tautomerism of carbonyl compounds.

2. NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC SYSTEMS.

3. ORIENTATION IN ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS ON BENZENE RING.

4. ORGANIC REACTIONS: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation; Diels Alder reaction; Grignard’s reaction, Metal hydride reduction and Wolf Krishner reduction, Friedel Craft’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Wolf Kishner reduction.

5. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENTS & THEIR STABILITY: Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Wolf, Hofmann and Beckmann rearrangements.

6. CARBANIONS & THEIR STABILITY: Condensation reaction (Aldol condensation; Favorskii rearrangement; Witting reaction).

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I)
[Laboratory]

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic analysis: Identification of unknown simple organic compounds.

Recommended Books

1. Peter Sykes, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991.
2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata MacGraw- Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Rehman and M Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997
4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001.
5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata MacGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London.
7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970.
8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 1990.
9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationary Mart, Peshwar, 1994.
10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co. New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995.

hCG diet

Introduction:
hCG is the abbreviated form of human chronic gonadotropin (or gonadotrophin). It is actually a pregnancy hormone that causes the production of progesterone (hormone of the ovary responsible to prepare the womb for ovum which is fertilized) and estrogen (hormone produced in ovaries and responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics) required for maintaining the pregnancy.

hCG diet was found to be a weight loss diet having with low calories.

hCG diet dangers:
No potential side effects are found.

History:
Dr. A .Simeons firstly described this diet as a treament of Obesity in 1954. Use of hCG for treating the obesity is gaining popularity again. hCG is available, at this time, in the form of sublingual tablets and injectables. Injectable hCG diet is helpful in giving the proper response but the sublingual hCG has been found of no use.
Another study by Shetty in 1977 has found that hCG has found no hormonal or chemical changes in the body relating to circumferential measurements and skinfold thickness.

Now it has been established that hCG diet is not helpful in treating the obesity as is represented by the meta-analytic review of 1995 in British Journal of clinical pharmacology as was found in the Simeons method of research. Reports in favour of Simeons method of hCG diet research has also been declined very much after this review. It is said that the amount of protein was lower than the normal level for volunteers or patients. But at the same time, no reports have been found that hCG injections are harmful.

Uses:

References:

American College of Bariatric Physicians. Position statement: Use of HCG in the treatment of obesity. Approved Dec 2009.

Shetty, K. R.; Kalkhoff, R. K.; (1977), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Treatment of Obesity, Archives of Inter Medicine, 137(2):151-155.

Lose a pound a day? HCG dieters say it's possible

(Click here to read more)

The HCG diet claims to be natural, promises to help you lose a pound or more a day and even discourages exercise.
But critics and medical doctors say it can be also dangerous.

Further Reading:http://www.kfvs12.com/Global/story.asp?S=14030656

Healthbeat Report: The HCG Diet

(Click here to read more)

There's been a lot of hype behind the HCG diet. It's said to be the secret weapon for many Hollywood stars. The diet has been around since the 1950s and every couple of years it seems to make a comeback.

The diet's popularity is on the rise again with renewed chatter on the Internet and TV shows, but critics warn it's a fraud and could be risky.

Further Reading:http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/health&id=7979285

HCG Diet: The New Miracle Weight Loss

(Click here to read more)

HCG Diet plan claims to help you lose 1-2 pounds per day on a strict 500 calorie diet plan. HCG is a hormone that is produced in pregnancy and used by male athletes to increase testosterone production in the testes.

Further Reading:http://newstabulous.com/hcg-diet-the-new-miracle-weight-loss-plan/3033/

Quest to Lose Weight Fast With HCG Diet, Thinner-U Increases

(Click here to read more)

A huge controversy began earlier this week after the HCG diet was featured on The Doctor Oz Show.

Instead of curbing America’s fascination with the controversial HCG diet, after hearing the benefits and pitfalls discussed by Dr. Oz and his guests, interest in the HCG diet and HCG drops surged. Thousands of people began trying to locate HCG drops for sale, even after Dr. Oz warned them not to.


Further Reading:
http://newsfuzion.com/2011/02/26/quest-to-lose-weight-fast-with-hcg-diet-thinner-u-increases/