First Professional, Second Semester, Biostatistics

BIOSTATISTICS
(Theory)


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1. DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS: Descriptive Statistics: What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics. What is Biostatistics? Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. How samples are selected?

2. ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA: Vriables, Quantitative and Qualitative Variables, Univariate Data, Bivariate Data, Random Variables, Frequency Table, Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.

3. SUNNARIZING DATA and VARIATION: The Mean, The Median, The Mode, The Mean Deviatiobn, The Variance and Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation.

4. CURVE FITTING: Fitting a Straight Line. Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve.

5. PROBABILITY: Definitions, Probability Rules,Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions).

6. SIMPLE REGRESSION AND COORELATION: Introduction. Simple Linear Regression Model. Correlation co-efficient.

7. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Statistical Hypothesis Level of Significance. Test of Significance. Confidence Intervals, Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions.

8. STUDENT “t”, “F” and Chi-Square Distributions: Test of Significance based on “t”, “F” and Square Distributions.

9. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: One-way Classification, Two-way Classification, Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom, Multiple Ccompression Tests such as LSD, The analysis of Variance Models.

Recommended Books

1. Daniel W W, Bio-Statistics, Foundation for Analysis in Health Science. 3rd Ed., 1983.

2. Zar J H, Bio-Statistical analysis, Francis Hall, N J, USA.

3. Nilton J S, and Tsokos J D, Statistical Methods in Biological and Health Sciences, McGrew-Hill. 1983.

4. Chaudhry S A and Kamal S, Introduction to Statistical Theory, Part-I and Part-II, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Urdu Bazar, Lahore, 1996.

5. Samuels M, Statistics for the life sciences, Dellen Pub Co, S F, USA, 1991.

6. Walpole R E, Introdution to Statistics, Macmillam Pub Co, N Y, 1982.

First Professional, Second Semester, Physiology and Histology

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Theory)

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Physiology

1. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE: Chemical change in Muscle on contraction. Action Potential.

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal reflexes. Reflex regulation of movement and posture. Cerbral cortex functions. Voluntary movements. Descending tracts of spinal cord. Basal ganglia, Cerbellum. Autonomic Nervous system. Thalamus. CSF.

3. SKIN: Structure, Functions of skin, Temperature regulation by Skin.

4. SPECIAL SENSE: Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.

5. ENDOCRINOLOGY: Definition of Hormone. Nature of different types of hormone. Mechanism of action of hormone.

(a) Pituitary hormones: Growth Hormone, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH, ADH, Oxytocin. Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.

(b) Thyriod Gland: Thyroxin, Tri-iodothyronin, Format and functions of thyroid hormones. Hyperthroidism, Myxodema.

(c) Para thyriod Hormone:

(d) Pancreatic Hormone: Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitis.

(e) Adrenal Glands: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Anabolic Steroids, Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin, Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.

(f) Sex Hormones: Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function. Male Development of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis. Composition of semen. Female Development of secondary characters. Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle). Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.).

Histology

1. Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.

2. Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.

3. Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.

4. Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract).

5. Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-II
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.

Physiology

1. Eye: Visual activity, far vision and near vision. Field of vision (Perimetry).

2. CNS: Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog. Effect of Temperature on muscle. Demonstration of spinal reflexes.

Histology

Demosntration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides. Organ system – Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, thymus, Reproductive system, Endocrine system, etc.

Recommended Books

Physiology

1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996.

2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hall International Inc, 17th Ed., 1995.

3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994.

4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.

5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc, Clifornia, 3rd Ed.

6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Little Brown & Co Inc, USA. 1992.

Histology

1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s TextBook of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984.

2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.

3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, 1993.

4. Hammersen F, Histology; colour atlas of microscopic anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.

First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)

(Theory)

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1. DISPERSED SYSTEM:

(a) Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy.

(b) Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification. Emulsifying agents, their classification and stability of emulsion.

(c) Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability.

(d) Adsorption Techniques: Adsorption techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.

2. RHEOLOGY:

(a) Definition and Fundamental concept.

(b) Properties contributing to rheological behaviour.

(c) Graphic presentation of rheological data.

3. RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS.

4. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC

CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation:

(a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acidbase catalysis, U.V. light.

(b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.

PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Determination of Emulsion systems. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific gravity method. Determination of Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994.

2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.

3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996.

4. Martin P, Bustamante, P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York.

5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985.

6. Mill C C, Casson N, Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975.

7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990.

8. Barry B W, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990.

9. Sherman P. Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972.

10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983.

11. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982.

First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical BioChemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Theory)

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1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)

(a) Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.

(b) Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through â-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.

(d) Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes

(a) Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin – members of B-complex family – and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

(b) Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.

(c) Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.

(d) Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications. Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates – Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books

1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.

2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.

3. Albert L Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.

4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.

5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company,

6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996.

7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.

8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.

9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed.,

First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II)
(Theory)


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Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral center. Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis.

2. Free radicals: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties.

3. General methods of preparations, properties, identification test and pharmaceutical applications of the following classes and their analogues:

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline, Lactones, Lactams, Amides, Imides, Diazonium salts.

4. Preparation and properties of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine.

5. Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds in which benzoring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II)
(Laboratory)

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NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic Preparations like Benzoic acid, Aspirin, Acetanilide, Iodoform, Nitrophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, Benzhydrol, 2, 4-Dinitro-chlorobenzene.

Recommended Books

1. Peter Sykes, A guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991.

2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.

3. Rehman and M. Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997.

4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001.

5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.

6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London.

7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970.

8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of organic Chemistry, 1990.

9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationery Mart, Peshawar, 1994.

10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co, New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995.

First Professional; First Semester, Mathematics

PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS
(Theory)


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1. ALGEBRA:

(a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of Functions.

(b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations.

(c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means.

(d) Permutations and combinations.

(e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application.

2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases.

3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates on point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips.

4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections.

5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques.

Recommended Books

1. C H Edvards Jr and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1995.

2. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993.

First Professional; First Semester, Anatomy

ANATOMY
(Theory)
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1. Introduction: Anatomical Terminology: Definition. Cell, tissue, organ system.

2. Cardiovascular System:

(a) Heart: Structure of Heart, Location of Heart, Blood Supply to Heart.

(c) Blood Vessels: Main blood vessels arising & entering the heart. Types of blood vessels with examples.

3. Respiratory System: Name and structures of different parts of respiratory system and their inter-relationship.

4. Elementary System: Name and structure of different parts of elementary system and their inter-relationship.

5. Urinary System: Name and structure of organs of urinarysystem and their inter-relationship.

6. Reproductive System: Male ande Female reproductive systems. Name, structure and association of the organs.

7. Endocrine System:

(a) Pituitary gland, structure and relation to hypothalamus.

(b) Thyroid gland, structure.

(c) Adrenal gland, structure.

8. Nervous System:

Introduction: Cells of Nervous System (Neuron), Accessory cells of NS Organisation of Nervous System:

(a) Central Nervous System: Brain — Meninges (Cerebrum — cerebral Lobes, Ventricals, Cerebellum — Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem — Mid-Brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Diencephalon, Thalamus, Hypothelamus, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord — Meninges. CSF Internal Structure. Sensory and Motor Pathway. Spinal Reflexes.

Peripheral Spinal Nerves.

(b) Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Recommended Books

1. Romanes, G J, Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. Humphary Kalfom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, London, 3 volumes, 1996.

2. Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. Longman’s Green and Co,

London, 1996.

3. J G Romanes, London, Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy. Oxford University Press, 1996.

4. Snell, R.S. Clinical Anatomy, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1996.

5. Keith L More and TVN Persaud, Philadelphia, Clinically Oriented Human Anatomy. W B Saunders, 1996.

6. B Grant, A Method of Anatomy, Bailliere Tinal and Co, Ltd, London.

7. W J Hamilton, A textbook of Anatomy, Macmillan and Co, London.

8. R J Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, J and A Churchill Ltd,