Confirmation

You who believe! If a deviator brings you a report, scrutinize it carefully in case you attack people in ignorance and so come to greatly regret what you have done. (6)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 6)

Clothing

It is He Who produces gardens, both cultivated and wild, and palm-trees and crops of diverse kinds, and olives and pomegranates, both similar and dissimilar. Eat of their fruits when they bear fruit and pay their due on the day of their harvest, and do not be profligate. He does not love the profligate. (141)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 141)

Children of Adam! Wear fine clothing in every mosque and eat and drink but do not be profligate. He does not love the profligate. (31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-A’araf (The Heights), Surah # 7: Ayah # 31)

Solutions

Solution:

A mixture or a substance containing two or more than two components which are mixed uniformly making a homogenous dispersion of molecules.

Components of solution:

There are two components of solution:

1. Solute

The component of the solution that is dispersed or dissolved throughout the other component.

2. Solvent

The component of the solution in which the dispersion or dissolution of the solute occurs.

Normally, larger quantity is that of solvent except in some cases as in syrup which can have 65% of sucrose as solute in aquous solution.

Sometimes, it is also difficult to distinguish between solute and solvent as in the case of miscible liquids such as alcohol and water. In this case, one component is considered as solvent and the other as solute.

Methods of expressing the concentration of the solution:

The concentration of the solution can be expressed in terms of the followings:

1. Molarity of the solute:

It represents the number of moles of solute in a given mass of solvent i.e. Number of moles of solute/Given mass of solvent.

Its unit is "mole/kg".

2. Concentration of the solute:

It represents the number of moles of solute in a given volume of solutiont i.e. Number of moles of solute/Given volume of solution.

Its unit is "mole/cubic meter".
Concentration can also be expressed in terms of the volume or mass of a solute in a given volume or mass of solution i.e. volume or mass of a solute/volume or mass of solution

3. Percentage expressions:

It can be represented by the following:

Volume or mass of a solute/volume or mass of solution x 100

It has following four forms:

1. Percentage weight in volume (% w/v)

2. Percentage weight in weight (%w/w)

3. Percentage volume in weight (%v/w)
4. Percentage volume in volume (%v/v)

Types of Solutions:

1. Types of Solutions on the basis of matters:

Solution may have any of the following types:

1. Gas in Gas solution

2. Gas in Liquid solution e.g. Oxygen in Water solution

3. Gas in Solid solution e.g. Dissolution of Hydrogen in Palladium

4. Liquid in Gas solution

5. Liquid in Liquid solution e.g. Ethanol in Water solution

6. Liquid in Solid solution e.g. Mercury in Gold

7. Solid in Gas solution

8. Solid in Liquid solution e.g. Sucrose in Water or NaCl (Salt) in Water solution

9. Solid in Solid solution e.g. Bronze and other Alloys

(Sometimes, the solutions of gases are considered as mixtures.)



2. Types of Solutions on the basis of Physical pharmacy:

1. Unsaturated solution:

It is a type of solution in which the solvent has the ability to dissolve more of the substance.

2. Saturated solution:

It is a type of solution in which the solvent contains maximum amount of absorbed solute.

3. Supersaturated solution:

It is a type of solution in which the solvent contains more than dissolvable amount of solute.

Types of properties of Solutions

Solubility:

It represents the ability of one substance to be dissolved in another substance at a given temperature and pressure.

On the basis of solubility two types of substances are identified:

1. Miscible:

Substances that can be easily mixed into each other e.g. ethanol in water.

2. Immiscible:

Substances that cannot be easily mixed into each other or are not able to be mixed into each other e.g. oil in water.

Factors affecting Solubility:

1. Nature of solute and solvent

2. Temperature:Temperature may have varying effects of solubility. Solubility of many solids in water normally increases with temperature. This increase in solubility is upto 100 C. But on the other hand, there are certain substances, such as cerium (III) sulphate, which become less soluble on increasing the temperature.

3. Pressure

4. Common ion and ionic strength of solution

5. Polarity:

Here the common notion of "like dissolves like" works. It means the polar substances like urea are more soluble in polar substances like water and on the other hand non-polar substances like naphthalene is more soluble in non-polar substances like benzene.

Dissolution:

Dissolution represents the process by which molecules or ions of solvent form a bond with molecules or ions of solute resulting in the formation of a solution. In this case, the bond is weak. It is also referred to as solvation.

Dissolution ~ Solvation

Dissolution also refers to the breakdown of something (solid in nature) into little basic parts or constituents which results in the transport of particles into  the solvent.

In the case of ionic compounds, dissolution is resulted after the ionization of the compounds and this happens mostly in the case of polar substances like ammonia and water. If we put NaCl in water, it will ionize as follows and then dissolve in water.

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

One of the most law for the dissolution studies is Nernst Distribution law.

Nernst Distribution law:

This law represents the ratio of the distribution of a substance in two liquids which are either miscible or immiscible.

This law states that the ratio of the distribution or concentration of a substance in two liquids at equilibrium is constant.

This law is represented by the following equation:

Rate of dissolution:

Following factors affect the rate of dissolution:

1. Nature of the solvent and solute

2. Temperature

3. Mixing

4. Surface area of the particles

5. Degree of saturation

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Solutions from Pharmaceutics

1. A liquid preparation that contains one or more dissolved (molecularly dispersed) chemical substances in a suitable solvent or mixture of miscible solvents ;may be oral, parentral, topical, otic, ophthalmic is generaly called as;

a. Liquid

b. Semisolid
c. Emulsion
d. Solution
e. Paint
f. Injection
g. Infusion
--------------
2) Select a pahrmaceutical preparation.which is the example of solution;

a. Crimaffin emulsion
b. Brufen suspension
c. Betnovate-N cream
d. Hydraline syrup (Actually it is Hydryllin syrup)
---------------
3) Select a pharmaceutical preparation,which is an example of topical solution;

a. Kaolin poultice
b. Pyodine
c. Polyfex
---------------
4) Which statement is true for solutions;

a. They are semisolids
b. They should be shaken before use
c. They not to be shaken before use
d.They are example of suspensions
------------------
5) Select  pharmaceutical dosage form,which is not solution;

a. Phenergan elixir
b. Tincture iodine
c. Tincture  benzoinco
d. Tixilyx elixir
e. Nedex pluse lotion (stefel)
------------------
6) In allergic conditions as a first aid we can use;

a. Acetaminophen syrup
b. Antihistamine syrup
c. Ferrous sulfate syrup
------------------
7) Which example of solution has no volatile-content;

a. Digoxin elixir
b. Salicylic acid collodion
c. Aromatic waters
d. Syrup
e. Dexamethasone elixir
f. Spirit
-------------------
8) All the solutions of same molarity contain the _________ number of molecules

a. Different
b. Same
c. Million
d. Zero
--------------------
9) Can we use solutions in the form of a spray(aerosol system)

a. No
b. Yes
c. Ignore it
---------------------
10) Colligative properties have a relation with;

a. Suspension
b. Emulsion
c. Solution
d. Ointments
e. Lotions

-------------------

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Solutions from Pharmaceutics

1. d

2. d

3. b

4. c

5. e

6. b

7. d

8. b

9. b

10. c

(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)

---------------------------

Further Studies:

TUTORIAL PHARMACY

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)

Textbook of Pharmaceutics

British Pharmacopoeia 2010

USP NF 2009 (United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary)

Children

Say: ‘Come and I will recite to you what your Lord has made forbidden for you’: that you do not associate anything with Him; that you are good to your parents; that you do not kill your children because of poverty–We will provide for you and them; that you do not approach indecency– outward or inward; that you do not kill any person Allah has made inviolate– except with the right to do so. That is what He instructs you to do so that hopefully you will use your intellect. (151) And that you do not go near the property of orphans before they reach maturity–except in a good way; that you give full measure and full weight with justice–We impose on no self any more than it can bear; that you are equitable when you speak–even if a near relative is concerned; and that you fulfill Allah’s contract. That is what He instructs you to do, so that hopefully you will pay heed. (152) This is My Path and it is straight, so follow it. Do not follow other ways or you will become cut off from His Way. That is what He instructs you to do, so that hopefully you will guard against evil. (153)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 151-153)

Do not kill your children out of fear of being poor. We will provide for them and you. Killing them is a terrible mistake. (31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Isra’ (The Night Journey) or Bani Isra’il (The Children of Israel), Surah # 17: Ayah # 31)

You who believe! Some of your wives and children are an enemy to you, so be wary of them. But if you pardon and exonerate and forgive, Allah is Ever-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (14)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Taghabun (The Mutual Loss and Gain), Surah # 64: Ayah # 14)

Chastity

Say to the believers that they should lower their eyes and guard their chastity. That is purer for them. Allah is aware of what they do. (30) Say to the believing women that they should lower their eyes and guard their chastity and not display their adornments–except for what normally shows–and draw their head-coverings across their breasts. They should only display their adornments to their husbands or their fathers or their husbands’ fathers, or their sons or their husbands’ sons or their brothers or their brothers’ sons or their sisters’ sons or their women or those they own as slaves or their male attendants who have no sexual desire or children who still have no awareness of women’s private parts. Nor should they stamp their feet so that their hidden ornaments are known. Turn to Allah every one of you, believers, so that hopefully you will have success. (31)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al Nur (The light), Surah # 24: Ayah # 30-31)

Cattle

That is it. If someone honours Allah’s sacred things, that is better for him in his Lord’s sight. All livestock are permitted to you except what has already been recited to you. Have done with the defilement of idols and have done with telling lies. (30)
 
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage), Surah # 22: Ayah # 30)

Creams

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Creams from Pharmaceutics

1) Creams are always;

a. Suspension
b. Emulsion
c. Solution
d. Ointment
--------------
2) if we do not close the cream jar or tube then what would be happened;

a. The moisture is lost
b. No environmental effect
c. The moisture is not lost
d. No bacterial contamination
---------------
3) Creams are used as;

a. I.V.
b. I.M.
c. S.C.
d. Topically
e. Orally
--------------
4) Change  in temperature can effect the properties of cream;

a. No
b. Yes
-----------------
5) Change in pH can effect the properties of cream;

a. No
b. Yes
-----------------
6) In O/W creams continuous phase is;

a. Water
b. Oil
c. Milk
-----------------
7) In W/O creams the continuous phase is;

a. Water
b. Oil
c. Soil
-----------------
8) which is not the example of O/W cream

a. Shaving cream
b. Hand cream
c. Cold cream
d. Foundation cream
------------------
9) which is not the example of W/O cream

a. Emollient cream
b. Cold  cream
c. Shaving cream
------------------

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Creams from Pharmaceutics

1. b

2. a

3. d

4. b

5. b

6. a

7. b

8. c

9. c

(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)

-------------------------

Further Reading:

TUTORIAL PHARMACY

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)

British Pharmacopoeia 2010

Textbook of Pharmaceutics

United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP26 NF21)