Gelatin

Introduction:
It is a form of animal protein which is semisolid and transparent in nature. As the name indicates it has gel forming properties.

Preparation of Gelatin:
It is derived from collagen of tissues and is extracted by boiling skin, bone or cartilage of some larger animals such as deer, cow or buffalo after alkali or acid treatment (hydrolysis), which forms a firm gel like structure when mixed in water.

Types of gelatin:

Type A gelatin:
Type of gelatin obtained from acid treated precursor.

Type B gelatin:
Type of gelatin obtained from alkali treated precursor.

Forms of gelatin:

Vegetable gelatin:
A gelatin like substance obtained from gluten (a protein combination found in certain cereals).

Glycerinated gelatin:
It is made by the treatment of equal proportions of glycerin and gelatin. It is mostly used for suppositories and urethral bougies.

Irish moss gelatin:
It is made by the extraction from Irish moss. It is mostly used as a substitute for gum Arabic in the preparation of emulsions.

Properties:
It is not a complete form of protein as it is deficient of certain amino acids. It is found in the form of sheets, flakes or powders. It is tasteless and odorless. It is faint yellow to amber in color.
It swells when placed in cold water but have the ability of dissolution only in hot water. It can be easily digested by the body.

Uses:
It is used mostly in the products of food and in cooking in home. It is also used to make gel foods such as jellied meats.
It is also in use in medicine. In pharmaceutical industry it is used to make capsules, cometics, hemostat and certain plasma substitutes. It is also used as an emulsifying agent.
It is also used in photography.

Storage:
It can be stored for longer periods in dry and airtight containers.

References:
Encyclopedia Britannica 2009 Deluxe (Avanquest)

British Pharmacopoeia 2009 (British Pharmacopoeia) by British Pharmacopoeia Commission

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy

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Ceftaroline

Ceftaroline is considered as fifth generation cephalosporin. (George H. Talbot et al.) It is a
metabolite of Ceftaroline fosamil.

Action:
(George H. Talbot et al.) It is much potent in vitro against Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.(Shazad Mushtaq et al) It shows good anti-pneumococcal activity.

Therapeutic Uses:
It is used for different skin infections and those infections which are related to skin structure (2).

Administration:
It is administered parenterally (1).

Adverse effects:
In phase 2 studies, it shows only mild headache (2).

References:
(1) http://www.lifescience-online.com/CEFTAROLINE_ACETATE,8270.html?portalPage=Drugs

(2) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/53029.php

George H. Talbot, Dirk Thye, Anita Das, and Yigong Ge. Phase 2 Study of Ceftaroline versus Standard Therapy in Treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 2007, Volume 51, Number 10, pages 3612-3616.

Shazad Mushtaq, Marina Warner,Yigong Ge, Kone Kaniga, David M Livermore. In vitro activity of ceftaroline (PPI-0903M, T-91825) against bacteria with defined resistance mechanisms and phenotypes. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Volume 60 Number 2: Pages 300-311, August 2007.

Further reading:
Natural Compounds as Drugs, Volume I (Progress in Drug Research) (Progress in Drug Research) by Frank Peterson and RenAc Amstutz

Antimicrobial Resistance: Problem Pathogens and Clinical Countermeasures (Infectious Disease and Therapy) by Jr. Robert C. Owens and Ebbing Lautenbach

Nosocomial Pneumonia: Strategies for Management by Jordi Rello

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Acetic acid derivatives derivatives
Etodolac


Naphthyl acetic acid prodrug
Nabumetone

Cox-1 selective inhibitors
Acetylsalicylic acid ((Aspirin)at low dosage)

SalicylatesAcetylsalicylic acid (at high doses)
Amoxiprin
Benorylate/Benorilate
Choline magnesium salicylate
Ethenzamide
Faislamine
Methyl salicylate
Magnesium salicylate
Na. Salicylate
Na. thiosalicylate
Salicylic acid
Salicyl salicylate
Salicylamide

Difluorophenyl derivatives
Diflunisal

Indole acetic acids (Arylalkanoic acids)Aceclofenac
Acemethacin
Alclofenac
Bromfenac
Indomethacin
Oxametacin
Proglumetacin
Sulindac

Phenylacetic acid
Diclofenac potassium
Diclofenac sodium

Pyrolealkanoic acid
Tolmetin

2-Arylpropionic acids (profens)
Ibuprofen
Alminoprofen
Carprofen
Dexibuprofen
Dexketoprofen
Fenbufen
Fenoprofen
Flunoxaprofen
Flurbiprofen
Ibuproxam
Indoprofen
Ketoprofen (Actron, at least, has been withdrawn from the market.)
Ketorolac
Loxoprofen
Naproxen
Oxaprozin
Pirprofen
Suprofen
Tiaprofenic acid

N-Arylanthranilic acids (fenamic acids)Mefenamic acid
Flufenamic acid
Meclofenamate
Tolfenamic acid

Pyrazolidine derivatives
Phenylbutazone
Ampyrone
Apazone
Azapropazone
Clofezone
Kebuzone
Metamizole
Mofebutazone
Oxyphenbutazone
Phenazone
Sulfinpyrazone

OxicamsPiroxicam
Droxicam
Lornoxicam
Meloxicam
Tenoxicam

COX-2 inhibitorsCelecoxib (FDA has p-recautioned about its use)


OthersLicofelone
Omega-3 fatty acids

Licofelone acts by inhibiting LOX (lipooxygenase) & COX (cyclooxygenase)and hence known as
5-LOX/COX inhibitor.

Disease modifying anti-rheumatic agents (Slow acting anti-rheumatic agents):
Auranofin (Gold salts)
Aurothiomalate (Gold salts)
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Leflunomide
Methotrexate
Penicillamine
Sulfasalazine

Anti-cytokines as anti-rheumatic agents:
Abatacept
Adalimumab
Anakinra
Etanercept
Infliximab
Rituximab

Further reading:
Safety and Efficacy of Non-Prescription (OTC) Analgesics and NSAIDs by K. D. Rainsford and M. C. Powanda

New NSAID appears effective for osteoarthritis: LOX-COX inhibitor.(Clinical Rounds)(licofelone): An article from: Family Practice News
by Mitchel L. Zoler

The Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Laurence Brunton, Donald blumenthal, Iain buxton and Keith Parker

AHFS Drug Information 2008 (Ahfs Drug Information) by American Society of Health-system

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu and Michelle A. Clarke
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Novel and latest types of drugs and drug delivery systems

(WA Check) Newer drug delivery systems are more effective, target specific and more close to nature. Following are some of the novel drug delivery systems:

Products:
1. Radiopharmaceuticals

2. Biotechnology products:
a. Gene therapy
b. Hormones
c. Vaccines
d. Interleukins
e. Monoclonal antibodies
f. Peptides
g. Anti-sense drugs
h. Clotting factors
i. Erythropoietins
j. Colony stimulating factors
k. Tissue plasminogen activator
l. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
m. Prostaglandins

3. Other techniques and products:
a. Nanocrystal particles
b. Nanogels (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
c. Block ionomer complexes (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
d. Nanotubes (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)e. Nanofibers (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
f. Magnetic systems (WA Check)
g. Microspheres (Kelvin Hong et al.)
h. Temperature sensitive capsules (Sahraoui Chaieb et al.)
i. Dry powder injection (Terry L. Burkoth et al.)

Delivery systems:
1. Topical administration:
a. Iontophoresis
b. Phonophoresis
c. Controlled release microchips (John T. Santini, Jr., et al.)

2. Oral administration:
a. Mucoadhesive system
b. Osmotic pump

3. Vaginal Administration:
a. Intravaginal drug delivery system
b. Intrauterine progesterone drug delivery system
c. Dinoprostone vaginal insert
d. Estradiol vaginal ring
e. Bioadhesive vaginal gel

4.Ophthalmic products:
a. Inserts

5. Parenteral administration:
a. Liposomes
b. Niosomes
c. Long acting parenteral systems


6. Pegylated Dosage forms

7. Fusion protein

8. Implants

9. Autoinjection systems

References:
Jamie L. Gilmore, Xiang Yi, Lingdong Quan, and Alexander V. Kabanov. Novel Nanomaterials for Clinical Neuroscience. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 2008 June; volume 3, Number 2, Pages 83–94.

John T. Santini, Jr.

Kelvin Hong, Afsheen Khwaja, Eleni Liapi, Michael S. Torbenson, Cristos S. Georgiades and Jean-Francois H. Geschwind. New Intra-arterial Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Liver Cancer: Preclinical Assessment in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research Volume 12, Pages 2563-2567.

Sahraoui Chaieb

Terry L. Burkoth, Drug delivery by transdermal and transmucosal powder injection

WA Check. New drugs and drug-delivery systems in the year 2000. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Vol 41, Issue 8, Pages 1536-1547.

Further Reading:
Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery: Novel Carrier Systems by Vyas / Khar

Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: Fundamentals, Novel Approaches, and Development (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Edith Mathiowitz, Donald E. Chickering III and Claus-Michael Lehr

Progress in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery Systems by N. K. Jain

Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Deepak Thassu, Michel Deleers and Yashwant Pathak

Gene therapy: Gene Therapy: Treating Disease by Repairing Genes (New Biology) by Joseph Ph.D. Panno

Gene and Cell Therapy: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies, Third Edition by Nancy Smyth Templeton

Interleukins: Interleukin Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) (Methods in Molecular Medicine) by Luke A. J. Neil and Andrew Bowie

Therapeutic Applications of Interleukin-2 (Basic and Clinical Oncology) by Michael Atkins

Monoclonal Antibodies: Handbook of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies by an Zhiqiang and william strohl

Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology) by Maher albitar

Colony stimulating factors: Colony-stimulating Factors by John M. Garland

Fusion Proteins: Antibody Fusion Proteins by Steven M. Chamow and Avi Achkenazi

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Classification of sulfonamides

Detailed classification of Sulfonamides

List of Antibiotic Sulfonamides on the basis of concentration-time data:

1. Short Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulfadiazine
b. Sulfadimidine
c. Sulfamethizole
d. Sulfamethoxazole
e. Sulfisoxazole
f. Sulfisomidine or sulfaisodimidine
g. Sulfathiazole (Veterinary Product)
h. Trisulfapyrimidine (Veterinary Product)

2. Intermediate Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulacetamide
b. Sulfadoxine
c. Sulfamimethoxine (Veterinary Product)
d. Sulfamethoxazole (Veterinary Product)
e. Sulfamethazine (Veterinary Product)
f. Sulfadiazine (Veterinary Product)

3. Long Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulfadoxine
b. Sulfamethoxy-pyridazine
c. Sulfametopyrazine
d. Sulfaphenazole
e. Sulfadimethoxine (Veterinary Product)

List of Diuretic Sulfonamides:
a. Acetazolamide
b. Benzolamide
c. Bumetanide
d. Ethoxzolamide
e. Methazolamide
f. Dichlorophenamide or Diclophenamide
g. Chlorthalidone
h. Clopamide
i. Dorzolamide
j. Furosemide
k. Hydrochlorothiazide
l. Indapamide
m. Mefruside
n. Metolazone
o. Xipamide

List of Sulfonamides for local application:
a. Mafenide
b. Silver sulfadiazine
c. Sulacetamide
d. Sulfapyridine

List of Sulfonamides for GIT disturbance:
a. Phthalyl sulfathiazole
b. Sulfasalazine

Further Reading:
The Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Laurence Brunton, Donald blumenthal, Iain buxton and Keith Parker

AHFS Drug Information 2008 (Ahfs Drug Information) by American Society of Health-system

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu and Michelle A. Clarke

Food Safety; Contaminants and Toxins, edited by J. P. F. D'Mello
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Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occuring anti-muscarinic agent.
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Adrenaline

Adrenaline is an endogenous catecholamine.
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