PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. DISPERSED SYSTEM:
(a) Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical) Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy.
(b) Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification. Emulsifying agents, their classification and stability of emulsion.
(c) Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability.
(d) Adsorption Techniques: Adsorption techniques and processes of adsorption in detail.
2. RHEOLOGY:
(a) Definition and Fundamental concept.
(b) Properties contributing to rheological behaviour.
(c) Graphic presentation of rheological data.
3. RATE and ORDER OF REACTIONS.
4. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC
CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation:
(a) Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acidbase catalysis, U.V. light.
(b) Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions. Oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis.
PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Determination of Emulsion systems. Determination of %age composition of solutions by specific gravity method. Determination of Partition-coefficient, surface tension, viscosity.
Recommended Books
1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994.
2. Cooper and Gunns Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996.
4. Martin P, Bustamante, P and Chun, Physical & Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York.
5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Academic Press, London, 1985.
6. Mill C C, Casson N, Rehology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975.
7. Rienger M and Scott-Blair G W, Rehology. Academic Press, London, 1990.
8. Barry B W, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press, London, 1990.
9. Sherman P. Emulsion Science, Academic Press, London, 1972.
10. Martin A, Swarbrick J and Cammatra A Physical Pharmacy, 3rd Ed., Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1983.
11. Attwood D and Flocence A T, Surfactant Systems. Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 1982.
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical BioChemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)
(a) Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.
(b) Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through รข-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.
(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.
(d) Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes
(a) Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin – members of B-complex family – and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.
(b) Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.
(c) Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.
(d) Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications. Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates – Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.
Recommended Books
1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.
2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.
3. Albert L Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.
4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.
5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company,
6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996.
7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.
8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.
9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed.,
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)
(a) Carbohydrates: Introduction to metabolism, Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose, Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle, Energetics of various metabolic processes.
(b) Lipids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids, Oxidation of fatty acids through รข-oxidation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.
(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids, Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids, Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.
(d) Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Regulation of Metabolic Processes
(a) Role of Vitamins: Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin – members of B-complex family – and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.
(b) Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones): Mechanism of action of hormones, Physiological roles of various hormones, Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.
(c) Secondary Messengers: Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.
(d) Gene Expression: Replication, Transcription and Translation (Gene expression) Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology, Pharmaceutical applications. Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-II
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Quantitative analysis of: Carbohydrates – Glucose (reducing sugar) and any other carbohydrate using Benedict and Anthrone method. Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins using Biuret and Ninhydrin (Spectrophotometric) method. Analysis of normal and abnormal components of Urine including Sugar, Uric acid, Bilirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.
Recommended Books
1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.
2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.
3. Albert L Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.
4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.
5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company,
6. Harper’s Biochemistry, Print-Hall, New Jersey, 1996.
7. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Caravan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.
8. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.
9. Conn and Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Willey & Sons, New York, 5th Ed.,
First Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral center. Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis.
2. Free radicals: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties.
3. General methods of preparations, properties, identification test and pharmaceutical applications of the following classes and their analogues:
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline, Lactones, Lactams, Amides, Imides, Diazonium salts.
4. Preparation and properties of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine.
5. Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds in which benzoring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic Preparations like Benzoic acid, Aspirin, Acetanilide, Iodoform, Nitrophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, Benzhydrol, 2, 4-Dinitro-chlorobenzene.
Recommended Books
1. Peter Sykes, A guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991.
2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Rehman and M. Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997.
4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001.
5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London.
7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970.
8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of organic Chemistry, 1990.
9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationery Mart, Peshawar, 1994.
10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co, New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral center. Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis.
2. Free radicals: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties.
3. General methods of preparations, properties, identification test and pharmaceutical applications of the following classes and their analogues:
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline, Lactones, Lactams, Amides, Imides, Diazonium salts.
4. Preparation and properties of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine.
5. Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds in which benzoring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Organic-II)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic Preparations like Benzoic acid, Aspirin, Acetanilide, Iodoform, Nitrophenol, 3-nitrophthalic acid, Benzhydrol, 2, 4-Dinitro-chlorobenzene.
Recommended Books
1. Peter Sykes, A guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991.
2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Rehman and M. Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997.
4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001.
5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London.
7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970.
8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of organic Chemistry, 1990.
9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationery Mart, Peshawar, 1994.
10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co, New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995.
First Professional; First Semester, Mathematics
PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 02
1. ALGEBRA:
(a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of Functions.
(b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations.
(c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means.
(d) Permutations and combinations.
(e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application.
2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases.
3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates on point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips.
4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections.
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques.
Recommended Books
1. C H Edvards Jr and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1995.
2. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 02
1. ALGEBRA:
(a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of Functions.
(b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations.
(c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means.
(d) Permutations and combinations.
(e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application.
2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases.
3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates on point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips.
4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections.
5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques.
Recommended Books
1. C H Edvards Jr and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1995.
2. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993.
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