Q:1. How do you classify anti-emetic drugs?
Ans.
(A) Central Anti-emetics:
(1) Dopamine D2-Receptor Antagonist:
Haloperidol
Haloperidol
(2) Sedative-Hypnotics:
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
(B) Central and Peripheral Antiemetics:
(1) D2 receptor antagonists:
Metacloperamide, Domperidone
(1) D2 receptor antagonists:
Metacloperamide, Domperidone
(2) 5-HT3 receptor antagonists:
Ondansetron, Granisetron
Ondansetron, Granisetron
(3) Anti-muscarinics:
Scopolamine, Atropine
Scopolamine, Atropine
(4) H1 receptor antagonists:
Ceclizine, Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate
Ceclizine, Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate
(C) Peripheral antiemetics:
(1) Demulcents:
Gum acacia, Gum tragacanth
(1) Demulcents:
Gum acacia, Gum tragacanth
(2) Adsorbents:
Kaolin, Aluminium hydroxide
Kaolin, Aluminium hydroxide
(3) Gastric mucosal anesthetics:
Chlorbutanol
Chlorbutanol
Q: 2. How do you classify anti-diarrheals?
Ans.
(1) Gastrointestinal protectives and adsorbents:
Bismuth subsalicylate, Attapulgite, Pectin, Kaolin
(1) Gastrointestinal protectives and adsorbents:
Bismuth subsalicylate, Attapulgite, Pectin, Kaolin
(2) Astringents:
Drugs that have the ability of releasing tannic acid e.g. catechin
Drugs that have the ability of releasing tannic acid e.g. catechin
(3) Anti-motility drugs
(a) Antimuscarinics:
Mepenzolate, Propantheline, Atropine
(a) Antimuscarinics:
Mepenzolate, Propantheline, Atropine
(b) Opioid derivatives:
Codeine, Loperamide
Codeine, Loperamide
Q: 3. How do you classify bulk laxatives?
Ans.
(1) Hydrophilic colloids:
Agar, Psyllium seeds and husks, Bran
(1) Hydrophilic colloids:
Agar, Psyllium seeds and husks, Bran
(2) Osmotic laxatives:
(a) Saline Cathartics:
Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium citrate
(a) Saline Cathartics:
Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium citrate
(b) Lactulose
Q: 4. How do you classify Stimulant laxatives?
Ans.
(1) Mild stimulants
Figs, Prunes, Castor oil
(1) Mild stimulants
Figs, Prunes, Castor oil
(2) Moderate stimulants:
Phenolphthalein, Bisacodyl
Phenolphthalein, Bisacodyl
(3) Severe stimulants:
Croton oil, Colocynth,
Croton oil, Colocynth,
Q:5. Classify stool softeners?
Ans.
(1) Surface active agents:
Docusate sodium, Poloxamers such as poloxalkol
Docusate sodium, Poloxamers such as poloxalkol
(2) Mineral oils:
Liquid paraffin
Liquid paraffin
Viva from out of course of Pharmacology:
Q: 6. What is the effect of Quranic Recitation on Alzheimer’s disease (A. D.) ?
Ans.
Name of Journal:
Journal of Neurobiology of Aging
Journal of Neurobiology of Aging
Article title:
The effect of voice of Holy QURAN to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with A. D.
The effect of voice of Holy QURAN to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with A. D.
Researchers and Year:
Abdollahzadeh et al. in 2000
Abdollahzadeh et al. in 2000
Effects:
They have found that Quranic recitation after a 4 week observation period causes a
They have found that Quranic recitation after a 4 week observation period causes a
1. Decrease in aggressive behavior of patients with alzheimer’s disease.
2. General increase in remembrance of past memories.
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