First Professional; First Semester, Mathematics

PHARMACEUTICAL MATHEMATICS
(Theory)


Cr. Hr. 02

1. ALGEBRA:

(a) Sets and Functions: Elementary concepts of sets. Concept of Functions, Domain and Range of a Function. Different types of Functions. Graphical representation of a function. Some applications of Functions.

(b) Solution of Linear and Quadratic Equations. Equations reducible to Quadratic Form. Solution of simultaneous Equations.

(c) Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means.

(d) Permutations and combinations.

(e) Binomial Theorem: Simple application.

2. TRIGONOMETRY: Measurement of Angles in Radian and degrees. Definitions of circular functions. Derivation of circular function for simple cases.

3. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY: Coordinates on point in a plane. Distance between two points in a plane. Locus, Equations of straight line, Equation of Parabola, Circle and Ellips.

4. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Concept of Derivations. Rules of Differentiation. Examples on the evaluation of Derivations. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions, Partial Derivations. Higher Order Derivatives. Maxima & Minima points of Inflections.

5. INTEGRAL CALCULUS: Concept of Integration. Rules of Integrations. Integrations of Algebric and Trignomatric functions by using different techniques.

Recommended Books

1. C H Edvards Jr and David E Penney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Prentice-Hall, Inc, A division of Sinon & Schustor Englewood Gliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1995.

2. Ahmed B and Khan M, Mathmactics for Pharmacists, Arsalan Paper Mart, Multan, 1993.

First Professional; First Semester, Anatomy

ANATOMY
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03

1. Introduction: Anatomical Terminology: Definition. Cell, tissue, organ system.

2. Cardiovascular System:

(a) Heart: Structure of Heart, Location of Heart, Blood Supply to Heart.

(c) Blood Vessels: Main blood vessels arising & entering the heart. Types of blood vessels with examples.

3. Respiratory System: Name and structures of different parts of respiratory system and their inter-relationship.

4. Elementary System: Name and structure of different parts of elementary system and their inter-relationship.

5. Urinary System: Name and structure of organs of urinarysystem and their inter-relationship.

6. Reproductive System: Male ande Female reproductive systems. Name, structure and association of the organs.

7. Endocrine System:

(a) Pituitary gland, structure and relation to hypothalamus.

(b) Thyroid gland, structure.

(c) Adrenal gland, structure.

8. Nervous System:

Introduction: Cells of Nervous System (Neuron), Accessory cells of NS Organisation of Nervous System:

(a) Central Nervous System: Brain — Meninges (Cerebrum — cerebral Lobes, Ventricals, Cerebellum — Anatomy of Cerebellum, Brain Stem — Mid-Brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Diencephalon, Thalamus, Hypothelamus, Cranial Nerves, Spinal Cord — Meninges. CSF Internal Structure. Sensory and Motor Pathway. Spinal Reflexes.

Peripheral Spinal Nerves.

(b) Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Recommended Books

1. Romanes, G J, Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. Humphary Kalfom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, London, 3 volumes, 1996.

2. Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive and Applied. Longman’s Green and Co,

London, 1996.

3. J G Romanes, London, Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy. Oxford University Press, 1996.

4. Snell, R.S. Clinical Anatomy, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1996.

5. Keith L More and TVN Persaud, Philadelphia, Clinically Oriented Human Anatomy. W B Saunders, 1996.

6. B Grant, A Method of Anatomy, Bailliere Tinal and Co, Ltd, London.

7. W J Hamilton, A textbook of Anatomy, Macmillan and Co, London.

8. R J Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, J and A Churchill Ltd,

First Professional; First Semester, Physiology and Histology

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-I
(Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03


Physiology

1. BLOOD: Composition of blood (RBC, WBC and Platelets), Functions and Genesis of the formed elements, Fate of Red Blood cells, Jaundice, Reaction of Blood, Blood groups, Rh factors, ESR Blood volume, 80

Functions of Spleen, Blood coagulation, Hemophilia. Anaemias —classification.

2. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Properties of the cardiac muscle. Origin and conduction of the heart beat. Cardiac cycle. ECG. Heart sounds.

Cardiac output. Stroke volume and heart rate. Nerve supply of the Heart. Coronary, Pulmonary, and skin circulation. Blood pressure, vasomotor system. Arterial pulse. Venous pulse, capillary circulation. Axon reflex, Triple response. Haemorrhage. Circulatory changes in exercise. Composition and circulate of lymph. Haemorrhage & Shock.

3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Mechanics of respiration. Intrathoracic, intrapulmonary pressure, pulmonary ventilation. Lungs volume and capacities. Composition of Inspired air, expired air and alveolar air, carriage of O2 and CO2 by the blood. Regulation of breathing (Nervous & Chemical control). Respiratory changes in exercise, pneumonias, emphysema and bronchial asthma.

4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mastication, Deglutation, Digestive juicessaliva, Gastric juice, Pancreatic juice. Bile and intestinal juices; their composition, Functions and mechanism of secreation, Movements of the stomach and intestines. Functions of large intestine. Defecation. Functions of liver and gall bladder.

5. URINARY SYSTEM: Urine formation — composition of urine —GFR Urea clearance. Formation of concentrated and diluted urine.

Histology

1. Introductin of cell: General structure of tissues in different systems of Body.

2. Basic Tissues: Epthelium (classification, shape, distribution and function). Supporting/connective tissue including bones and cartilage. (Classification, Distribution and Function) Muscular Tissue. (Types, distribution and function) Nervous Tissue (neuron and its types Neuroglia — classification and distribution).

3. Gastrointestinal tract: GIT including exocrine organs: Liver, pancreas and Gall Bladder.

4. Respiratory system: Respiratory system including Nasal cavity, Larynx, Trachea, Lung.

5. Cardio vascular System: Heart, Artery, Vein, Lymphatic.

PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY-I
(Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.

Physiology

1. Blood: Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb), ESR, RBC Count, WBC Count, DLC (Differential Leucocyte Count), Bleeding Time, Coagulation Time and Determination of blood groups.

2. Respiration: Estimation of vital capacity and its relation to posture and standard vital capacity. Determination of tidal volume. Demonstration of artificial respiration.

3. CVS: Recording of Arterial Pulse, Recording of Arterial Blood Pressure and Electro-cardiogram

Histology (Laboratory)

1. Demonstration of preparation and staining of slides. Histological examination of slides, epithelium, connective tissues, muscle tissues, Organ system – Lung, appendix, Gall bladder, Stomach, Intestine, Heart, Artery, Vein, Lymphatic, etc.

Recommended Books

Physiology

1. Arthur C Guyton, M D, Text Books of Medical Physiology, W B Saunders Company, 9th Ed., 1996.

2. William F Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice Hgall international Inc, 17th Ed., 1995.

3. Chandi Charan Chatterjee, Human Physiology, Medical allied agency, 1994.

4. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology. Revised by Cyril A Keele and Eric Neil.

5. Spence A P and Mason E B, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Beajamin/Cumming Publishing Inc Clifornia, 3rd Ed.

6. Snell R S, Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Litle Brown & Co Inc USA, 1992.

Histology

1. Bradbury S, Hewer’s Text Book of Histology, ELBS, London, 1984.

2. Reference Book: Tissues of the body by Legros Clerks. Publisher Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London.

3. Cormack H D, Essential Histology, J B Lippincott Co Philadelphia, 1993.

4. Hammersen F, Histology; color Atlas Of Microscopic Anatomy, Lee & Febijer Co, Pennsylvania, 1985.

First Professional; First Semester, Pharmaceutics

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-I)
(Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03

1. PHARMACY ORIENTATION:
Introduction and orientation to the Professional of pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail pharmacy, Industrial pharmacy, Forensic pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc.

2. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF PHARMACY:
(a) A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient, Greek and Arab periods with special reference to contribution of Muslim scientists to pharmacy and allied sciences.

(b) An introduction of various official books.

3. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES:
(a) Precipitation: Process of precipitation and its applications in Pharmacy.
(b) Crystallization: Types of crystals, Mechanism and methods of crystallization and its applications in Pharmacy.
(c) Distillation: Simple, fractional, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, destructive distillation and their applications in Pharmacy.
(d) Miscellaneous Processes: Efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophillization, elutriation, exsiccation, ignition, sublimation, fusion, calcination, adsorption, decantation, evaporation, vaporization, centrifugation, dessication, levigation and trituration.

4. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES:

(a) Solutions: Introduction, types, concentration expressions, ideal and real solution, colligative properties, their mathematical derivations and applications in pharmacy, molecular weight determinations, distribution co-efficient and its applications in pharmacy.

(b) Solubilization: Solubility, factors affecting solubility, surfactants, their properties and types. Micelles, their formulation and types.

(c) Ionization, pH, pH indicators, pka, buffers, buffer’s equation, isotonic solutions and their applications in pharmacy.

(d) Hydrolysis, types and protection of drugs against hydrolysis.

(e) Micromeritics: Particle size and shapes, distribution of particles methods of determination of particle size and importance of particle size in Pharmacy.

PHARMACEUTICS-I (PHYSICAL PHARMACY-I)
(Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Experiments to demonstrate some of the physicochemical processes like simple distillation, steam distillation, crystallization and dialysis. Determination of particle size. Preparation of buffer solutions and isotonic solutions.

Recommended Books

1. Martin, Physical Pharmacy, B I Waverly PVT, Delhi, 4th Ed., 1994.
2. Cooper and Gunns, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi,
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutics, All India Traveler Book Seller, New Delhi, 1996.
4. Martin P, Bustamante P and Chun, Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmaceutical Science, AHC, 4th Ed., (1999), New York.
5. Martin AMN, Banker G S and Chun AHC Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Mill C C Casson, N, Rheology of dispress systems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1975.

First Professional; First Semester, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I
(Theory)

Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BASIC BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

Role of pharmaceutical biochemistry in the health profession.

Nature of biochemical reactions.

2. BASIC CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES (Nature, Classification etc.)

(a) Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Classification, Reactions of Carbohydrates, Optical activity, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrates.

(b) Lipids: Chemistry of Fatty acids and Lipids, Classification (Saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids, Simple, Complex and 77 derived lipids), Reactions of Fatty acids and other Lipids, Essential fatty acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of lipids.

(c) Proteins and Amino acids: Chemistry, Classification of proteins and amino acids, Reactions of proteins and amino acids, Organizational levels, Macromolecular nature of proteins, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins and amino acids.

(d) Nucleic acids: Chemistry, Types (DNA, RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), Purine and Pyrimidine bases, Nucelosides, Nucelotides, Structures of nucleic acids, Biological and pharmaceutical importance of nucleic acids.

(e) Vitamins: Chemistry, Classification (Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of vitamins.

(f) Hormones: Chemistry, Classification (Proteinous and nonproteinous hormones, amino acid derivatives, steroids), Biological and pharmaceutical importance of hormones.

(g) Enzymes: Chemistry, Classification, Mode of action, Kinetics (Michaelis Menten Equation and some modifications), Inhibition, Activation, Specificity, Allosteric enzymes, Factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, Biological and pharmaceutical

importance, Mechanism of action of some important enzymes (Chymotrypsin, Ribonuclease).

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY-I
(Laboratory)

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Qualitative analysis of: Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Peptides and Proteins, Lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol) Bile salts and billirubin, Blood analysis – Sugar, Uric acid, Billirubin, Cholesterol and Creatinine.

Recommended Books

1. M N Chaterjea, Medical Biochemistry, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.

2. Roberk Murray, Daryl K, Granner, Peter A Mayes, Victor W Rodwell Harper’s Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange, Lange Medical Publications, NewYork, 2000.

3. Albert L Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publisher, Delhi, 1993.

4. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W H Freeman and Company, 2002.

5. Pamela C Champe, Richard A Harvey, Illustrated Biochemistry, J Lippincot Company, 1994.

6. M Rafiq, Biochemistry, The Carvan Book House, Lahore, 1st Ed.

7. Montogomary, Clinical Chemistry, The C V Mosby Company, 5th Ed.

8. Student's Companion to Stryer's Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer

First Professional; First Semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I)
[Theory]


Cr. Hr. 03

Note: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.

1. BASIC CONCEPTS: Conjugation, hyperconjugation, steric effect, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, hydrogen bonding, Theory of resonance. Effect of structure on reactivity of compounds. Tautomerism of carbonyl compounds.

2. NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC SYSTEMS.

3. ORIENTATION IN ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS ON BENZENE RING.

4. ORGANIC REACTIONS: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation; Diels Alder reaction; Grignard’s reaction, Metal hydride reduction and Wolf Krishner reduction, Friedel Craft’s reaction, Perkin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction, Wolf Kishner reduction.

5. CARBONIUM ION REARRANGEMENTS & THEIR STABILITY: Pinacol-pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein, Wolf, Hofmann and Beckmann rearrangements.

6. CARBANIONS & THEIR STABILITY: Condensation reaction (Aldol condensation; Favorskii rearrangement; Witting reaction).

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I (ORGANIC-I)
[Laboratory]

Cr. Hr. 01

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Organic analysis: Identification of unknown simple organic compounds.

Recommended Books

1. Peter Sykes, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, New York, 1st Ed., 1991.
2. E L Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata MacGraw- Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Rehman and M Younis, Organic Chemistry for B.Sc. students, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore, 1997
4. L Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I, Person Education Asia, 6th Ed., New Delhi, 2001.
5. Raj K Bansel, Organic Reaction Mechanism, Tata MacGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1992.
6. Furaiss Brian, Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., ELBS, London.
7. Sykes A P, Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Lonsmen Co, UK, 1970.
8. Roberts J D and Caserio M C, Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 1990.
9. Naser-ud-Din, Introduction to Stereochemistry, Ghafoor Stationary Mart, Peshwar, 1994.
10. Bhal B S, Text Book of Organic Chemistry, S Chand & Co. New Delhi, 14th Ed., 1995.

hCG diet

Introduction:
hCG is the abbreviated form of human chronic gonadotropin (or gonadotrophin). It is actually a pregnancy hormone that causes the production of progesterone (hormone of the ovary responsible to prepare the womb for ovum which is fertilized) and estrogen (hormone produced in ovaries and responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics) required for maintaining the pregnancy.

hCG diet was found to be a weight loss diet having with low calories.

hCG diet dangers:
No potential side effects are found.

History:
Dr. A .Simeons firstly described this diet as a treament of Obesity in 1954. Use of hCG for treating the obesity is gaining popularity again. hCG is available, at this time, in the form of sublingual tablets and injectables. Injectable hCG diet is helpful in giving the proper response but the sublingual hCG has been found of no use.
Another study by Shetty in 1977 has found that hCG has found no hormonal or chemical changes in the body relating to circumferential measurements and skinfold thickness.

Now it has been established that hCG diet is not helpful in treating the obesity as is represented by the meta-analytic review of 1995 in British Journal of clinical pharmacology as was found in the Simeons method of research. Reports in favour of Simeons method of hCG diet research has also been declined very much after this review. It is said that the amount of protein was lower than the normal level for volunteers or patients. But at the same time, no reports have been found that hCG injections are harmful.

Uses:

References:

American College of Bariatric Physicians. Position statement: Use of HCG in the treatment of obesity. Approved Dec 2009.

Shetty, K. R.; Kalkhoff, R. K.; (1977), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Treatment of Obesity, Archives of Inter Medicine, 137(2):151-155.