Colloids and Emulsions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Colloids and Emulsions in Pharmacy

16.    An emulsion in which water globules are dispersed within the oil globules so that the system may be designated as ..................................                                
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17.    medically used emulsions for oral administration are usually ...............type:

a)o/w        
b) w/o 
c) w/o/w        
d) o/w/o                             
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18.    The surface active agents used in multiple emulsions are:

a) non-ionic  
b) synthetic      
c) ionic    
d) natural      
e ) a&b   
f) c&d                             
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19.    Gelatin and Tragacanth are :

a) emulsifying agents    
b) surface active agents  
c) synthetic non-ionic     
d) b&c       
e) a&c                             
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20.    W/O  emulsions are used almost exclusively for....................... applications :

a) internal      
b) external       
c) causal                      
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21.    Calcium palmitate , spans , cholesterol and wool fat  are emulsifiers used in the preparation of :       

a) w/o  
b) o/w 
c) w/o/w      
d) o/w/o                            
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22.    Dye solubility test is mostly used for ..................of the emulsion type.  
----------------------
23.    Mostly used dye in the dye solubility test is .......................................                 
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24.    At commercial level,………………………..is used for dilution method of determination of the emulsion thpe.        

a) ether   
b) alcohol       
c) water     
d) choloroform                   
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25.    During conduction method ,the electrical circut completes when continuous phase is ......................                     
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26.    Co lour of the o/w  emulsion is usually...................................             
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27.    Initially o/w emusion feels ................................on the skin.                  
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28.    When we add oil soluble dye in the o/w emulsion, the colored phase will be ……………….                       
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29.    The British chemist Thomas Graham applied the term “colloid” to : 

a)polypeptides  
b) polysaccharides
c) flavones   
d) a&b                               
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30.    Colloidal dispersions are distinguished form the solutions and coarse dispersions on the basis of the :

a) viscosity   
b) density    
c) particle size                            
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31.    Most of the pharmaceutical systems are prepared in the form of the :

a) hydrophilic colloidal system       
b) lipophilic colloidal system                         
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32.    Radioactive colloids are being used as diagnostic & ……………….. Purposes in nuclear medicines.                         
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33.    micelles, microemulsions,liposomes, parenteral emulsions ,micro spheres ,nanoparticles are known as ……………………

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IV admixtures

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from IV admixtures in Pharmaceutics

1:  --------------------  is the preparation of pharmaceutical product that requires the measured additive of medication to a 50ml or larger bag or bottle of IV fluid.

a)    Admixture
b)    Suspension
c)    IV admixture
d)    Emulsion
-----------------
2:  The drug added to an IV solution is called -------------------- .

a)    Excipients
b)    Sodium chloride
c)    Dextrose
d)    Additive
----------------
3:  All different types of parenteral drug delivery systems are true EXCEPT--------------

a)    Decrease the safety of parenteral medications.
b)    Patient controlled analgesia
c)    Home IV therapy
d)    Home TPN
--------------
4:  Any solution administered to the patient`s veins must be -----------------

a)    Non-sterile
b)    Sterile & Pyrogen free
c)    Endotoxins
d)    Irritating
--------------
5:  Intravenous admixtures are ----------------- to which one or more additional drugs or solutions have been added.

a)    Mixtures
b)    Suspension
c)    Small volume parenteral
d)    Large volume parenteral (LVP)
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6:  The intravenous admixture product should be --------------------

a)    Free of contamination (Particles, bacteria,extraneous material)
b)    The solution should be clear (All medications should be completely dissolved)
c)    Both a & b
d)    None of above.
----------------
7:  The ------------------  route is most dangerous route of administration because it by passes all of body`s natural barriers.

a)    Intra-muscular
b)    Intra-occular
c)    Both a & b
d)    Intra-venous
----------------
8:  An improperly prepared solution when administered can have very serious consequences like ----------------------

a)    Infections
b)    Emboli
c)    Occlusions
d)    All of above

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Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from IV admixtures in Pharmaceutics

1. c) IV admixture
2. d) Additive
3. a) Decrease the safety of parenteral medications.
4. b) Sterile & pyrogen free
5. d) Large volume parenteral (LVP)
6. c) Both a & b
7. d) Intra-venous
8. d) All of above

(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)

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Further Reading:

TUTORIAL PHARMACY

Textbook of Pharmaceutics

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)

British Pharmacopoeia 2010

Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems

Do not Corrupt the Earth

Call on your Lord humbly and secretly. He does not love those who overstep the limits. (55) Do not corrupt the earth after it has been put right. Call on Him fearfully and eagerly. Allah’s mercy is close to the good-doers. (56)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-A’araf (The Heights), Surah # 7: Ayah # 55-56)

Contracts

You who believe! When you take on a debt for a specified period, write it down. A writer should write it down between you justly. No writer should refuse to write; as Allah has taught him, so he should write. The one incurring the debt should dictate and should have fear of Allah his Lord and not reduce it in any way. If the person incurring the debt is incompetent or weak or unable to dictate, then his guardian should dictate for him justly. Two men among you should act as witnesses. But if there are not two men, then a man and two women with whom you are satisfied as witnesses; then if one of them forgets, the other can remind her. Witnesses should not refuse when they are called upon. Do not think it too trivial to write down, whether small or large, with the date that it falls due. Doing that is more just in Allah’s sight and more helpful when bearing witness and more likely to eliminate any doubt–unless it is an immediate transaction hand to hand, taken and given without delay. There is nothing wrong in your not writing that down. Call witnesses when you trade. Neither writer nor witness should be put under pressure. If you do that, it is deviancy on your part. Have fear of Allah and Allah will give you knowledge. Allah has knowledge of all things. (282)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah (The Heifer), Surah # 2: Ayah #282)

You who believe! Do not consume one another’s property by false means, but only by means of mutually agreed trade. And do not kill yourselves. Allah is Most Merciful to you. (29) As for anyone who does that out of enmity and wrongdoing, We will roast him in a Fire. That is an easy matter for Allah. (30) If you avoid the serious wrong actions you have been forbidden, We will erase your bad actions from you and admit you by a Gate of Honour. (31) Do not covet what Allah has given to some of you in preference to others–men have a portion of what they acquire and women have a portion of what they acquire; but ask Allah for His bounty. Allah has knowledge of all things. (32)
(Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa’(Women), Surah # 4: Ayah #29-32)

You who believe! Fulfil your contracts. All livestock animals are lawful for you, except those that are recited to you now; but it is still not lawful to hunt while you are in the state of pilgrimage. Allah makes whatever judgements He wills. (1)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread), Surah # 5: Ayah # 1)

Fulfill your contracts. Contracts will be asked about. (34)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Isra’ (The Night Journey) or Bani Isra’il (The Children of Israel), Surah # 17: Ayah # 34)

Capsules

In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of techniques used to enclose medicines in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:

• Hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets (also called spheroids that are made by the process of Extrusion and Spheronization - Spheronization is a trade mark of Caleva Process Solutions) or tablets;
• Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.

Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents like:

• Animal protein mainly gelatin;
• Plant polysaccharides or their derivatives like carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose.

Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution like plasticizers such as glycerin and/or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.

Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet" or "capsule-shaped tablet" in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently-produced tablet pills. After the 1982 Tylenol tampering murders, capsules experienced a minor fall in popularity as tablets were seen as more resistant to tampering.

 Single piece gel encapsulation:
In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron moulds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is not produced commercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R.P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
The current owner of the RPScherer technology is Catalent Pharma Solutions, the world's largest manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical softgels.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet. Softgels are also highly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the dose is <100 ug), where the highly reproducible filling process helps ensure each softgel has the same drug content, and because the operators are not exposed to any drug dust during the manufacturing process.
In 1949, the Lederle Laboratories division of the American Cyanamid Company developed the "Accogel" process, allowing powders to be accurately filled into soft gelatin capsules.

Two piece gel encapsulation:
James Murdock of London patented the two-piece telescoping gelatin capsule in 1847. The capsules are made in two parts by dipping metal rods in the gelling agent solution. The capsules are supplied as closed units to the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Before use, the two halves are separated, the capsule is filled with powder or mor normallt spheroids made by the process of spheronization (either by placing a compressed slug of powder into one half of the capsule, or by filling one half of the capsule with loose powder) and the other half of the capsule is pressed on. With the compressed slug method, weight varies less between capsules. However, the machinery required to manufacture them is more complex.
The powder or spheroids inside the capsule contains the active ingredient(s) and any excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, fillers, glidant, and preservatives.

Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System (OROS):
OROS is a controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a consumable capsule. The capsule has a rigid water-permeable jacket with one or more small holes. As the capsule passes through the body, the osmotic pressure of water entering the capsule pushes the active drug through the opening in the capsule.
OROS is a trademarked name owned by Alza Corporation.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Capsules in Pharmaceutics

1-  Capsule are dosage form contain ______ of drug.

a) single dosage  
b) unit dosage    
c) double dosage   
d) both b & c
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2-  Basic empty capsule shell are made from a mixture of ______.

a) sugar   
b) water  
c) Galeton 
d) all of above
---------------
3-  Galeton is ______ in air when dry.

a) Unstable  
b) stable   
c) both a & b  
d) none of above
---------------
4-  Soft Galeton capsule have ______ moisture content then hard Galeton capsule.

a) low  
b) equal  
c) high   
d)  none of above
---------------
5-  The normal shell contain _____ of moisture.

a) 9-12%  
b) 15-18%  
c) 12-15%      
d) none of above
---------------
6-  Capsule are _____ to swallowed.

a) very difficult     
b) difficult    
c) both a & b   
d) easy
----------------
7-  On large scale soft Galeton capsule are prepared by_______.

a) plate process    
b) rotator die process  
c) both a & b    
d) none of above
-----------------
8-  The hard Galeton capsule are produced by mechanical dipping of _______ of desire able shape and diameter.

a) pins    
b) pegs     
c) both a & b      
d) none of above
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9-  Hard Galeton capsule contain ______ of moisture.

a) 9-12%  
b) 15-18%  
c) 12-15%      
d) none of above
------------------
10-  Capsule are should be stored at ____ and ____ humidity level.

a) dry , low   
b) dry , high   
c) cool , high   
d) cool , low
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11-  Examples  of drug dispensed in soft Galeton capsule are ¬¬¬¬¬_______.

a) volatile drug  
b) liquid , suspension , powders e.t.c    
c) vitamin E , digoxin e.t.c   
d) all of above
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Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Capsules in Pharmaceutics

•    1- b
•    2- d
•    3- b
•    4- c
•    5- c
•    6- d
•    7- c
•    8- c
•    9- a
•    10- d
•    11- c

(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)

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Further Reading:

Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)

British Pharmacopoeia 2010

Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students