You who believe! When you take on a debt for a specified period, write it down. A writer should write it down between you justly. No writer should refuse to write; as Allah has taught him, so he should write. The one incurring the debt should dictate and should have fear of Allah his Lord and not reduce it in any way. If the person incurring the debt is incompetent or weak or unable to dictate, then his guardian should dictate for him justly. Two men among you should act as witnesses. But if there are not two men, then a man and two women with whom you are satisfied as witnesses; then if one of them forgets, the other can remind her. Witnesses should not refuse when they are called upon. Do not think it too trivial to write down, whether small or large, with the date that it falls due. Doing that is more just in Allah’s sight and more helpful when bearing witness and more likely to eliminate any doubt–unless it is an immediate transaction hand to hand, taken and given without delay. There is nothing wrong in your not writing that down. Call witnesses when you trade. Neither writer nor witness should be put under pressure. If you do that, it is deviancy on your part. Have fear of Allah and Allah will give you knowledge. Allah has knowledge of all things. (282)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah (The Heifer), Surah # 2: Ayah #282)
You who believe! Do not consume one another’s property by false means, but only by means of mutually agreed trade. And do not kill yourselves. Allah is Most Merciful to you. (29) As for anyone who does that out of enmity and wrongdoing, We will roast him in a Fire. That is an easy matter for Allah. (30) If you avoid the serious wrong actions you have been forbidden, We will erase your bad actions from you and admit you by a Gate of Honour. (31) Do not covet what Allah has given to some of you in preference to others–men have a portion of what they acquire and women have a portion of what they acquire; but ask Allah for His bounty. Allah has knowledge of all things. (32)
(Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa’(Women), Surah # 4: Ayah #29-32)
You who believe! Fulfil your contracts. All livestock animals are lawful for you, except those that are recited to you now; but it is still not lawful to hunt while you are in the state of pilgrimage. Allah makes whatever judgements He wills. (1)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread), Surah # 5: Ayah # 1)
Fulfill your contracts. Contracts will be asked about. (34)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Isra’ (The Night Journey) or Bani Isra’il (The Children of Israel), Surah # 17: Ayah # 34)
Friday, May 7, 2010
Capsules
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of techniques used to enclose medicines in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:
- Hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets (also called spheroids that are made by the process of Extrusion and Spheronization - Spheronization is a trade mark of Caleva Process Solutions) or tablets;
- Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.
Both of these classes of capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents like:
- Animal protein mainly gelatin;
- Plant polysaccharides or their derivatives like carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose.
Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution like plasticizers such as glycerin and/or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment.
Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. For this reason, producers of drugs such as OTC analgesics wanting to emphasize the strength of their product developed the "caplet" or "capsule-shaped tablet" in order to tie this positive association to more efficiently-produced tablet pills. After the 1982 Tylenol tampering murders, capsules experienced a minor fall in popularity as tablets were seen as more resistant to tampering.
Single piece gel encapsulation:
In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron moulds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is not produced commercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R.P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
The current owner of the RPScherer technology is Catalent Pharma Solutions, the world's largest manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical softgels.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet. Softgels are also highly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the dose is <100 ug), where the highly reproducible filling process helps ensure each softgel has the same drug content, and because the operators are not exposed to any drug dust during the manufacturing process.
In 1949, the Lederle Laboratories division of the American Cyanamid Company developed the "Accogel" process, allowing powders to be accurately filled into soft gelatin capsules.
Single piece gel encapsulation:
In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron moulds for their process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this method, the equipment is not produced commercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R.P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
The current owner of the RPScherer technology is Catalent Pharma Solutions, the world's largest manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical softgels.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet. Softgels are also highly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the dose is <100 ug), where the highly reproducible filling process helps ensure each softgel has the same drug content, and because the operators are not exposed to any drug dust during the manufacturing process.
In 1949, the Lederle Laboratories division of the American Cyanamid Company developed the "Accogel" process, allowing powders to be accurately filled into soft gelatin capsules.
Two piece gel encapsulation:
James Murdock of London patented the two-piece telescoping gelatin capsule in 1847. The capsules are made in two parts by dipping metal rods in the gelling agent solution. The capsules are supplied as closed units to the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Before use, the two halves are separated, the capsule is filled with powder or mor normallt spheroids made by the process of spheronization (either by placing a compressed slug of powder into one half of the capsule, or by filling one half of the capsule with loose powder) and the other half of the capsule is pressed on. With the compressed slug method, weight varies less between capsules. However, the machinery required to manufacture them is more complex.
The powder or spheroids inside the capsule contains the active ingredient(s) and any excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, fillers, glidant, and preservatives.
Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System (OROS):
OROS is a controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a consumable capsule. The capsule has a rigid water-permeable jacket with one or more small holes. As the capsule passes through the body, the osmotic pressure of water entering the capsule pushes the active drug through the opening in the capsule.
OROS is a trademarked name owned by Alza Corporation.
a) single dosage
b) unit dosage
c) double dosage
d) both b & c
---------------
2- Basic empty capsule shell are made from a mixture of ______.
a) sugar
b) water
c) Galeton
d) all of above
---------------
3- Galeton is ______ in air when dry.
a) Unstable
b) stable
c) both a & b
d) none of above
---------------
4- Soft Galeton capsule have ______ moisture content then hard Galeton capsule.
a) low
b) equal
c) high
d) none of above
---------------
5- The normal shell contain _____ of moisture.
a) 9-12%
b) 15-18%
c) 12-15%
d) none of above
---------------
6- Capsule are _____ to swallowed.
a) very difficult
b) difficult
c) both a & b
d) easy
----------------
7- On large scale soft Galeton capsule are prepared by_______.
a) plate process
b) rotator die process
c) both a & b
d) none of above
-----------------
8- The hard Galeton capsule are produced by mechanical dipping of _______ of desire able shape and diameter.
a) pins
b) pegs
c) both a & b
d) none of above
------------------
9- Hard Galeton capsule contain ______ of moisture.
a) 9-12%
b) 15-18%
c) 12-15%
d) none of above
------------------
10- Capsule are should be stored at ____ and ____ humidity level.
a) dry , low
b) dry , high
c) cool , high
d) cool , low
------------------
11- Examples of drug dispensed in soft Galeton capsule are ¬¬¬¬¬_______.
a) volatile drug
b) liquid , suspension , powders e.t.c
c) vitamin E , digoxin e.t.c
d) all of above
------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Capsules in Pharmaceutics
• 1- b• 2- d
• 3- b
• 4- c
• 5- c
• 6- d
• 7- c
• 8- c
• 9- a
• 10- d
• 11- c
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
--------------------
Further Reading:
Rheology
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Rheology in Pharmaceutics
1: The principle method for measuring viscosity is;a) Capillary viscometer
b) Concentric cylinder viscometer
c) Falling or rolling sphere viscometer
d) All of the above
e) Both a & b
--------------------
2: Materials whose consistency depends on the duration of shear as wheel as on the rate of shear, exhibit;
a) Rheopexy
b) Thixotropy
c) Viscoelasticity
d) Plasticity
--------------------
3: Fluids that do not abbey Newton’s law are described as;
a) Time dependent non-Newtonian fluids
b) Time independent non-Newtonian fluids
c) Newtonian fluids
d) Both a & b
e) None of them
---------------------
4: Elastic deformation is described by;
a) Hook’s law
b) Newton’s law
c) Empirical power law
d) Stock’s law
---------------------
5: The ratio of relaxation time of a material to the time scale of a deformation is called;
a) Reynolds number
b) Weissenberg number
c) Deborah number
d) Mass number
---------------------
6: If neither the deformation strain, nor its derivative with time (rate) follows the applied stress then the material is:
a) Elastic
b) Solid
c) Viscoelastic
d) Fluid
---------------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Rheology in Pharmaceutics
1: The principle method for measuring viscosity is;Answer: - d) All of the above
2: Materials whose consistency depends on the duration of shear as wheel as on the rate of shear, exhibit;
Answer:- b) Thixotropy
3: Fluids that do not abbey Newton’s law are described as;
Answer:- d) Both a & b
4: Elastic deformation is described by;
Answer:- a) Hook’s law
5: The ratio of relaxation time of a material to the time scale of a deformation is called;
Answer:- c) Deborah number
6: If neither the deformation strain, nor its derivative with time (rate) follows the applied stress then the material is:
Answer:- c) Viscoelastic
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
------------------------
Rate and order of reaction
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Rate and Order of Reaction from Pharmaceutics
1. When hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate carbon dioxide is formed.which of the following method not be suitable for measuring the rate of reaction.
a. measuring the mass lost using a balance
b. Measuring the volume of gas using a gas syringe
c. Measuring the time it takes for a cross to disappear
d. Measuring the volume of gas using an inverted measuring cylinder full of water
------------------
2. What Effect does doubling the concentration of a reactant have on the rate of a reaction
a. Reaction rate decreases
b. Reaction rate increase
c. No effect on reaction rate
d. Reaction rate halves
------------------
3. In a reaction between two gasses which of the following will not effect the rate
a. The presence of a catalyst
b. Temperature
c. Pressure
d. Volume
------------------
4. If we increase the concentration of a reactant what happen to the collisions between articles
a. There are fewer collisions
b. There are more collisions
c. There are the same number of collision but have less energy
d. There are the same number of collision but they have more energy
-----------------
5. Why does the rate of reaction increases when powdered calcium carbonate is used instead of lumps of marble
a. There is increase in concentration
b. There is an increase in temperature
c. There is an increase in surface area
d. Powdered calcium carbonate is a catalyst
-----------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Rate and Order of Reaction from Pharmaceutics
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. b
5. c
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
----------------
Further Reading:
Extraction
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Extraction in Pharmaceutics
1. liquid liquid extraction is also known as
A. Ion pair extraction
B. Aqeous two phase extraction
C. Extraction of metals
D. Solvent extraction
-----------
2. Factor used to express the ability of a process to remove a contaminent from a product is called
A. A separating factor
B. Decontamination factor
C. Combining factor
D. None of above
------------
3. Two separating factor is measure of ability of system.To separate to-------------
A. Solute
B. Solvents
C. Solids
D. Solution
------------
4. The most common and most economic important technique for extracting aromatic in modern perfume industry
A. Organic solvent extraction
B. Supercritical fluid extraction
C. Ethanol extraction
D. Distillation extraction
----------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Extraction in Pharmaceutics
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. D
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
--------------------
Further Reading:
Confirmation
You who believe! If a deviator brings you a report, scrutinize it carefully in case you attack people in ignorance and so come to greatly regret what you have done. (6)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 6)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 6)
Clothing
It is He Who produces gardens, both cultivated and wild, and palm-trees and crops of diverse kinds, and olives and pomegranates, both similar and dissimilar. Eat of their fruits when they bear fruit and pay their due on the day of their harvest, and do not be profligate. He does not love the profligate. (141)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 141)
Children of Adam! Wear fine clothing in every mosque and eat and drink but do not be profligate. He does not love the profligate. (31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-A’araf (The Heights), Surah # 7: Ayah # 31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 141)
Children of Adam! Wear fine clothing in every mosque and eat and drink but do not be profligate. He does not love the profligate. (31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-A’araf (The Heights), Surah # 7: Ayah # 31)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
-
Q: What do you know about ergot alkaloids? Ans: These include alkaloids which we get from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea or derived ...
-
(For detailed study of Pharmaceutical Incompatibility Click here) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Pharmaceutical Incompatibility in ...
-
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Powders and Granules from Pharmaceutics 1. _______ powders consist of more than one ingredients. a. Si...
