Call (Towards right path)

You are the best nation ever to be produced before mankind. You enjoin the right, forbid the wrong and believe in Allah. If the People of the Book were to believe, it would be better for them. Some of them are believers but most of them are deviators. (110)
 (Holy Quran, Surah Al ‘Imran (The Family Of 'Imran, The House Of 'Imran), Surah # 3: Ayah # 110)

Let there be a community among you who call to the good, and enjoin the right, and forbid the wrong. They are the ones who have success. (104)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al ‘Imran (The Family Of 'Imran, The House Of 'Imran), Surah # 3: Ayah # 104)

Make allowances for people, command what is right, and turn away from the ignorant. (199) If a suggestion from Satan assail thy (mind), seek refuge with Allah. for He heareth and knoweth (all things). (200)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-A’araf (The Heights), Surah # 7: Ayah # 199-200)

Restrain yourself patiently with those who call on their Lord morning and evening, desiring His face. Do not turn your eyes from them, desiring the attractions of this world. And do not obey someone whose heart We have made neglectful of Our remembrance and who follows his own whims and desires and whose life has transgressed all bounds. (28)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Kahf (The Cave), Surah # 18: Ayah # 28)

(Believers are) those who, when they are reminded of the Signs of their Lord, do not turn their backs, deaf and blind to them; (73)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Furqan (The Criterion), Surah # 25: Ayah # 73)

Do not let them debar you from Allah’s Signs after they have been sent down to you. Call people to your Lord and on no account be one of the idolaters. (87)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Qasas (The Narrations), Surah # 28: Ayah # 87)

(Luqman said,) ‘My son, perform prayer and command what is right and forbid what is wrong and be steadfast in the face of all that happens to you. That is certainly the most resolute course to follow. (17)
(Holy Quran, Surah Luqman (Luqman), Surah # 31: Ayah # 17)

O ye who believe fear ALLAH, and (always) say a word directed to the Right: (70)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Ahzab (The confederates), Surah # 33: Ayah # 70)

So call upon Allah, making your religion sincerely His, even though the disbelievers detest it.
(14)
(Holy Quran, Surah Ghafir (Forgiver) or Al-Mu’min (The believer), Surah # 40: Ayah # 14)

If an evil urge from Satan eggs you on, seek refuge in Allah. He is the All-Hearing, the All- Knowing. (36)
(Holy Quran, Surah Fussilat (Expounded) or HA MIM, Surah # 41: Ayah # 36)

Brother

If two parties of the believers fight, make peace between them. But if one of them attacks the other unjustly, fight the attackers until they revert to Allah’s command. If they revert, make peace between them with justice, and be even-handed. Allah loves those who are evenhanded. (9) The believers are brothers, so make peace between your brothers and have fear of Allah so that hopefully you will gain mercy. (10)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 9-10)

Betray

You who believe! Do not betray Allah and His Messenger, and do not knowingly betray your trusts. (27)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War), Surah # 8: Ayah # 27)

Balance

Give full measure when you measure and weigh with a level balance. That is better and gives the best result. (35)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al Isra’ (The Night Journey) or Bani Isra’il (The Children of Israel), Surah # 17: Ayah # 35)

In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. (8) Give just weight–do not skimp in the balance. (9)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Rahman (The Most Gracious), Surah # 55: Ayah # 8-9)

Backbite

You who believe! Avoid most suspicion. Indeed some suspicion is a crime. And do not spy and do not backbite one another. Would any of you like to eat his brother’s dead flesh? No, you would hate it. And have fear of Allah. Allah is Ever-Returning, Most Merciful. (12)

(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 12)

Percent

The term percent represents per hundred or divided by one hundred such as

2% = 2/100 and
35% = 35/100

In order to find x% of y, where x and y are real numbers, we multiply x% with y. For example,

30% of 500 => 30/100 x 500 = 150

On the other hand, in order to find that, x is what %age of y, we divide x and y and multiply it with 100. Here x and y are real numbers. For example,

7 is what percent of 14?
Here 7 is divided by 14 and multiplied by 100
7/14 x 100 = 50 %

If we want to find the %age increase, We can do as follows
Suppose, there is a number 400 which is increased by 50 numbers and becomes 450. We can detect percent increase by this way

50/400 x 100 = 12.5%

In order to detect %age decrease, we can do as follows
Suppose there is a number 200 which is decreased by 20 numbers and becomes 180, we can calculate % decrease by

20/200 x 100 = 10%

To detect %age increase, Suppose x is a number and y is its final increased state (any number) and z = y - x

Here z/x x 100 and to%age decrease , x is a number and y is decreased number and z = x - y, so z/x x 100.

Here x=base.

In the above examples, 400 and 200 are bases.

Further Reading:
Cracking the GRE, 2010 Edition (Graduate School Test Preparation)

Kaplan GRE Exam Vocabulary in a Box

Barron's GRE

Essential Words for the GRE (Barron's Essential Words for the GRE)

Kaplan GRE Exam 2010-2011 Premier with CD-ROM (Kaplan GRE Premier Program (W/CD))

GRE: Practicing to Take the General Test 10th Edition (Practicing to Take the Gre General Test)

Kaplan GRE Exam Math Workbook

Barron's GRE with CD-ROM

Kaplan GRE Exam 2009 Premier Program (w/ CD-ROM) (Kaplan Gre Exam Premier Live)

Deliquescence

It means to dissolve gradually by absorbing moisture from the air.

It is derived from the Latin word “deliquescere” literally “to start melting away”, from “liquere” that is “to be liquid”.

Deliquescent:

Deliquescent materials are substances (mostly salts) that have a strong affinity for moisture and will absorb relatively large amounts of water from the atmosphere if exposed to it, forming a liquid solution.

Explanation:

In deliquescence, the final more hydrated state must still exert a lower vapor pressure than that of the water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere.

If this is not so, then the newly formed hydrated state will immediately lose water by efflorescence and revert to the initial state.

Thus, for a liquid phase to be produced by deliquescence, it is necessary that the vapor pressure exerted by a saturated solution of the deliquescent material should be less than 13.33 x 10^2 N/m^2.

Examples:

The behavior of NaOH.H2O may be used as an example of deliquescence.

NaOH.H2O(v.p. is very low at 293K) --> (deliquescence) --> Saturated solution of NaOH (v.p. = 1.33x 10^2 N/m^2 at 293K) --> (further deliquescence) --> Unsaturated solution of NaOH (v.p. = v.p. of atmospheric pressure).

Other deliquescent materials include

Potassium hydroxide,

Sodium lactate,
Ferric ammonium citrate,

Potassium bicarbonate.

Example from everyday life:

In everyday life, people are most likely to come across deliquescence when they spill some instant coffee. This turns from a dry powder to sticky liquid when exposed to air for a few hours.

Reduction of Deliquescence:

Storage precautions for pharmaceutical preparations that are deliquescent are aimed at the maintenance of a moisture free atmosphere inside the container. Well closed containers should be used.

In addition, a well filled container limits the volume of atmosphere in the container and therefore further reduces the uptake of moisture by the product.

In some cases, when the product is particularly susceptible to moisture, a drying agent may be placed inside the container. Silica gel is often used in small packets.

Uses of Deliquescents:

1. Due to their very high affinity for water, these substances are often used as desiccants which is also an application for concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids

2. these substances are used in the chemical industry to remove the water produced by chemical reactions to increase the yields.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Deliquescence in Pharmaceutics

1     Deliquescent salts use in chemical industry As A _______________

     A     Desiccants
     B     Efflorescent
     C     Anti oxidants
     D     None of the Above
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2     All these salts are deliquescent except ____________

     A     Magnesium iodide
     B     Lithium Sulphide
     C     Sodium Dichloro-isocyanurate dehydrate
     D     None of the Above
----------------------
3. The water absorb by the deliquescent salt cause A _____________ in melting point of solid

     A     Decrease
     B     Increase
     C     No change
     D     None of the Above
----------------------
4. When A solid absorb water from atmosphere it change into ______________ phase
       A     Liquid
       B     Solid
       C     Gas
       D     semisolid
-----------------------
5. Solid substances absorb enough water to lower is melting point below ____________

     A     Room temperature
     B     constant temperature
     C     45 C
     D     200 C
-----------------------

Answers of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Deliquescence in Pharmaceutics

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. A

5. A

(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)

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Further Reading:

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)

Flashcard Study System for the PTCB Exam: PTCB Test Practice Questions & Review for the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Examination

Tutorial Pharmacy

Pharmacy Student Survival Guide

Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences