Group I

Multiple Choice Question (MCQs) of Group I

1. Shells of Group IA and Group IB are represented by

a. (n-1)s2(n-1)p6 and (n-1) s2(n-1)p6ns1 respectively
b. (n-1)s2(n-1)p5 and (n-1) s2(n-1)p6 respectively
c. (n-1)s2(n-1)p6ns1 and (n-1) s2(n-1)d10ns1respectively
d. (n-1)s2(n-1)p6 and (n-1)s2(n-1)d10ns1 respectively
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2. Which of the followings are rarely hydrated

a. lithium and sodium
b. sodium and potassium
c. lithium and ammonium salts
d. potassium and ammonium salts
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3. Which of the following statement is true

a. Sodium and potassium both are cations of intracellular fluids
b. Sodium is the cation of intracellular fluid and potassium is the cation of extracellular fluid
c. Sodium and potassium both are cations of extracellular fluids
d. Sodium is the cation of extracellular fluid and potassium is the cation of intracellular fluid
-----------------

4. Sodium ions

a. Promote retention of water in the tissues
b. Should be used with caution in the treatment of cardiac and renal conditions
c. Should be used with caution in edematous conditions
d. All of the above
-----------------

5. Hydrochlorothiazide promote

a. excretion of sodium ions
b. retention of sodium ions
c. excretion of potassium ions
d. retention of potassium ions
-----------------
6. Which of the following has been found valueable in the treatment of hypomanic and manic states

a. Lithium carbonate
b. Lithium phosphates
c. Lithium bromide
d. Lithium chloride

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7. Which of the following is used as a central depressant

a. Ammonium carbonate
b. Ammonium chloride
c. Ammonium bromide
d. Both b and c

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8. Coinage metals are elements of Group

a. IA
b. IB
c. IIA
d. IIB
-----------------
9. The respiratory pigment hemocyanin contains

a. Copper
b. Silicon
c. Phosphorus
d. Zinc
-----------------
10. Which of the following is the basis for Fehling’s and Benedict’s solution

a. Copper (I) oxide
b. Copper (I) chloride
c. Copper (II) sulphate
d. Copper (II) oxide
-----------------
11. Which of the following has germicidal activity

a. Silver nitrate
b. Silver sulphadiazine
c. both a and ab
d. None of the above
-----------------
12. Gold salts are characterized by instability to

a. Heat
b. Light
c. Reducing agents
d. All of the above
-----------------
13. Which of the following gold compound can be used in the rheumatoid arthritis

a. Aurothioglucose
b. Gold sodium thiomalate
c. Auranofin
d. All of the above
-----------------

Answers to multiple choice questions of Group I in Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1. c
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. c
11. c
12. d
13. d

Further reading:
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences

Group 0

Multiple Choice Questions in Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1. Group 0 represents

a. Inert gases

b. Transition elements

c. Metalloids

d. Alkaline earth metals

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2. The shift in properties in going from halogen to inert gases to alkali metal is shown by valence electron structures as follows

a. (n-1)s2(n-1)p5 --> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6ns1--> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6
b. (n-1)s2(n-1)p6ns1 --> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6 --> (n-1)s2(n-1)p5
c. (n-1)s2(n-1)p5--> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6 --> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6ns1
d. (n-1)s2(n-1)p6 --> (n-1)s2(n-1)p5--> (n-1)s2(n-1)p6ns1
-------------
3.Which of the following Group 0 element don't occur in the atmosphere?

a. Helium
b. Krypton
c. Xenon
d. Radon
-------------
4. Which of the following two is also produced from liquid air by fractional distillation?

a. Argon and radon
b. Xenon and helium
c. Neon and krypton
d. Helium and radon
-------------
5. Which of the following is natural decay product of radium?

a. Neon
b. Krypton
c. Xenon
d. Radon
-------------
6.Synthetic air is prepared from

a. Helium
b. Argon
c. Neon
d. Krypton
--------------

7. Which of the followings can be used in the treatments of certain types of cancer?

a. Krypton
b. Argon
c. Xenon
d. Radon
--------------
8. Which of the following can be used as anesthetics?

a. Helium and argon
b. Argon and krypton
c. Krypton and xenon
d. Neon and Xenon
--------------

Answers to Multiple Choice questions of Group 0 in Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1.  a

2. c

3. d

4. c

5. d

6. a

7. d

8. c

Further reading:

Physiological Aspects of Anaesthetics and Inert Gases

The discovery of the inert gases (Chemistry background books, stage 3)

MCQs Chemistry - I.K. s MCQ Series for Medical Entrance Examinations (Includes Pre Solved Papers of Five Years)

Comprehensive MCQs in Chemistry

McQ Tutor: Clinical Chemistry

MCQ tutor for students of clinical chemistry

Introduction

Multiple Choice Questions in Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1 .Each atom of an element is described by following 

a .Atomic weight

b. Atomic number

c. Both a and b

d. None of the above

-------------

2. Each electron is assigned 

a. 1 quantum number

b. 2 quantum numbers

c. 3 quantum numbers

d. 4 quantum numbers

------------

3. The subquantum number and magnetic spin quantum number is represented by

a. l and ml respectively

b. n and l respectively

c. n and ml respectively

d. ml and l respectively

-----------

4. Principle quantum number describes

a. Relative position of an energy level with respect to the other energy levels present

b. the different electron distributions possible for a given value of n

c. the magnetic contribution to the angular momentum due to the movement of the electrons in space

d. the magnetic component contributed by the spin of the electron
-------------
5. The permitted values for l and ml are

a. 1,2,3..... and 0,1,2...,(n-1) respectively
b. 0,1,2,3....,(n-1) and -l,.....0,....+l respectively
c. 0,1,2,3,....(n-1) and +-1/2 respectively
d. 1,2,3.... and +-1/2 respectively
-------------
6. The energy required for the removal of electron of least energy is known as

a. Ionization potential
b. Electronegativity
c. Polarization
d. None of the above
--------------
7. _______ have high ionization potentials

a. Metals
b. Metalloids
c. Non-metals
d. both a and b
-------------
8. ________ have high electronegativities

a. Metals
b. Metalloids
c. Non-metals
d. both b and c
-------------
9. The extent of polarization is directly proportional to the difference in

a. Ionization potential
b. Electronegativity
c. Electropositivity
d. Both a and b
--------------
10. Atoms with orbitals occupied by an unshared pair of electrons can share this electron pair with an atom lacking two or more electrons in its valence shell. This bond formed is said to be a

a. Ionic bond
b. Covalent bond
c. Co-ordinate covalent bond
d. Both b and c
---------------
11. Covalent compounds have

a. low melting and high boiling points
b. low m.p. and b.p.
c. high m.p. and low b.p.
d. high m.p. and b.p.
---------------
12. The simple anions are named using

a. -ic
b. -ous
c. -ide
d. -ate
---------------
13. Eka-silicon is now known as

a. Silicon
b. Sulphur
c. Phosphorus
d. Germanium
-------------
14. Orbital electrons are important because

a. They predict the possible oxidation states
b. The shielding of the nuclear charge
c. The polarizability for each element
d. All of the above
--------------

15. Mostly ________ are protein precipitants.

a. Metallic elements
b. Metalloids
c. Non-metallic elements
d. Both a and b

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Answers to Multiple Choice questions of Introduction in Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

1. c
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. c
9. b
10. c
11. b
12. c
13. d
14. a
15. d

Further reading:
Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry


Rogers' Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

A text-book of inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry,

Inorganic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry

Comprehensive MCQs in Chemistry

McQ Tutor: Clinical Chemistry

MCQ tutor for students of clinical chemistry

MCQs Chemistry - I.K. s MCQ Series for Medical Entrance Examinations (Includes Pre Solved Papers of Five Years)

p53

p53 helps in the regulation of transcription of variety of genes in response to different type of signals which are related to stress Riley et al.). p53 regulates the GI epithelial cells (Kirsch et al.).

Types of p53:
1. Mutant p53:
This type of p53 is responsible for transformation at 37.5 C whereas at 32.5 C it suppresses transformation working similar as that of wild type p53.

2. Wild type p53:
This type of p53 is not oncogenic and causes prevention of transformation. In human carcinogenesis, this type of p53 work as suppressor gene. (Michalovitz et al.)

p53 Pathway:
It is found to mediate stress responses in the cells. p53 has the ability of initiating repair of DNA, cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. (Vazquez et al.)

References:
Kirsch et al. (2010), p53 Controls Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Mice Independent of Apoptosis, Science, 327 (5965), 593-596.

Michalovitz et al. (1990), Conditional inhibition of transformation and of cell proliferation by a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53, Cell, 62(4), 671-680

Riley et al. (2008), Transcriptional control of human p53-regulated genes, Nature, 9, 402-431

Vazquez et al. (2008), The genetics of the p53 pathway, apoptosis and cancer therapy, Nat Rev Drug Discov.7(12), 979-987.
Further reading:
The p53 Tumor Suppressor Pathway and Cancer (Protein Reviews, Vol. 2)

TNM classification of malignant tumors

p53 as a Diagnostic Tool for the Detection of Cancer.: An article from: Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences

Telomere shortening is associated with malformation in p53-deficient mice after irradiation during specific stages of development [An article from: DNA Repair]

Prognostic and Predictive Value of p53

Identification and phylogenetic comparison of p53 in two distinct mussel species (Mytilus) [An article from: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C]

Optimization techniques

Optimization:

Optimization means to increase the effectiveness of something by choosing the best component or element or set of elements from different sets of other available possibilities.
In computer language, optimization means to write some program as concise as possible for rapid and more efficient retrieval, later on.

Optimizer or Defragger:

Optimization program is usually referred to as defragger or optimizer in computer world.

Optimization techniques:

Optimization techniques are basically collected mathematical rules and methods to solve quantitative problems in many of the fields of life like physics, engineering, biology, business and economics.

The growth of optimization techniques is collateral to not only to the computer science but also to numerical analysis, operations research, game theory control theory, mathematical economics and combinatorics.

Classes of optimization:

Linear programming:

In computer language, linear programming shows the procedure for making programs that help to find most optimum solutions for linear functions in sets of equations in which sufficient terms are not there to produce straightforward solution.

And in mathematical terms, it represents the way of searching the maximum and minimum numerical quantity of linear transformation with the use of variables that are likely to be affected by constraints.

Linear programming is applied in the following researches:

1. Papoutsakis ET: (1984). Equations and calculations for fermentations of butyric acid bacteria. Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 174-187.

2. Varma A, Palsson BO: (1994). Metabolic flux balancing – basic concepts, scientific and practical use. Biotechnology, 994-998.

3. Price ND, Reed JL, Palsson BO: (2004). Genome scale models of microbial cells: Evaluating the consequences constraints. Nature Reviews microbiology, 886-897

Nonlinear programming:

Some of the constraints in this type of programming may involve nonlinear functions i.e. may involve square roots or squares.

Nonlinear programming is applied in the following researches:

1. Mendes P, Kell DB: (1998). Nonlinear optimization of biochemical pathways: applications to metabolic engineering and parameter estimation. Bioinformatics, 869-883

2. Vo TD, Pallsson BO: (2006). Isotopomer analysis of myocardial substrate metabolism. A systems biology approach. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 972-983

3. Vo TD, Lee WNP, Pallsson BO: (2007). Systems analysis of energy metabolism elucidates the affected respiratory chain complex in Leigh’s syndrome. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 15-22.

Stochastic programming:

In this class, constraints are dependent on random occurrences or variables, so that the optimum values can be found in some expected meanings as for example a stochastic model shows that system in which both chance events and planned events are taken into account.

Network optimization:
Here we consider, for optimization, some of the property related to flow of matter or variable through a network.

Combinatorial optimization:

Here in this solution is to be found among limited system of values which are also huge in number.

Types of thickening agents

There are three major groups of thickening agents:

1. Polysaccharides
    a. Natural
        i. Acacia
        ii. Tragacanth
        iii. Starch
        iv. Sodium Alginate
    b. Semi-synthetic:
        i. Methylcellulose
        ii. Hydroxyethylcellulose
       iii. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
       iv. Microcrystalline cellulose

2. Inorganic agents
    a. Clays
       i. Bentonite
       ii. Hectorite
       iii. Aluminium Magnesium silicate
    b. Aluminium hydroxide

3. Synthetic
   a.Carbomer (Carboxyvinyl polymer)
   b. Colloidal silicon dioxide

Actovegin

It is a deproteinized hemolysate obtained from Calf Blood.

It has the ability of enhancing the aerobic metabolism by increasing the use of glucose and oxygen and stimulates the formation of ATP. (1)

It has a neuroprotective action.

References:
(1) Boyarinov, G. A. et al. Effects of actovegin on the central nervous system during postischemic period . Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Volume 126, Number 4 / October, 1998