1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
a. Salicylates:
Aspirin, Methyl salicylate
b. Propionic Acid Derivatives:
Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Fenoprofen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Oxaprozin
c. Acetic Acid Derivatives:
Indomethacin, Sulindac, Etodolac
d. Oxicam Derivatives:
Piroxicam, Meloxicam
e. Fenamates:
Mefenamic Acid, Meclofenamate
f. Other Agents:
Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Tolmetin, Nabumetone, Diflunisal
2. COX-2 Selective NSAIDs:
Celecoxib, Lumiracoxib, Etoricoxib
3. Drugs for Arthritis:
a. Drugs for anti-cytokine therapy
Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Anakinra
b. Methotrexate
c. Leflunomide
d. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
e. d-Penicillamine
f. Gold salts
4. Drugs used to treat Gout:
Colchicine, Allopurinol, Uricosuric agents such as Probenecid and Sulfinpyrazone
Sunday, April 10, 2011
Phentolamine
Mechanism of action:
It competitively blocks α adrenergic receptors. It causes inhibition to the response to serotonin.
It causes weak activation of the muscarinic receptors in GI tract and H1 and H2 histaminic receptors in the stomach.
Action:
It causes vasodilatation by
1. Blocking α adrenergic receptors
2. Nonadrenergic activity on vascular smooth muscles
This causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and elevated venous capacitance.
It causes cardiac stimulation through blockade of α2 adrenergic receptors and reflex effect.
It also causes stimulation of salivary, lacrimal, pancreatic and respiratory tract secretions.
Pharmacokinetics:
It has a relatively short duration of action.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used effectively in the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and hypertensive crisis caused by Pheochromocytoma.
It is also used in Raynaud’s phenomenon and frost bite.
It is also used for erectile dysfunction.
It can be used to prevent dermal necrosis.
Adverse effects:
It may cause severe tachycardia, angina pectoris, arrhythmia and diarrhea.
Precautions:
It should be used with caution in patients with
1. Peptic ulcer
2. Coronary artery disease
It competitively blocks α adrenergic receptors. It causes inhibition to the response to serotonin.
It causes weak activation of the muscarinic receptors in GI tract and H1 and H2 histaminic receptors in the stomach.
Action:
It causes vasodilatation by
1. Blocking α adrenergic receptors
2. Nonadrenergic activity on vascular smooth muscles
This causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and elevated venous capacitance.
It causes cardiac stimulation through blockade of α2 adrenergic receptors and reflex effect.
It also causes stimulation of salivary, lacrimal, pancreatic and respiratory tract secretions.
Pharmacokinetics:
It has a relatively short duration of action.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used effectively in the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and hypertensive crisis caused by Pheochromocytoma.
It is also used in Raynaud’s phenomenon and frost bite.
It is also used for erectile dysfunction.
It can be used to prevent dermal necrosis.
Adverse effects:
It may cause severe tachycardia, angina pectoris, arrhythmia and diarrhea.
Precautions:
It should be used with caution in patients with
1. Peptic ulcer
2. Coronary artery disease
Prazosin, Terazosin and Doxazosin
Mechanism of action:
It selectively blocks postsynaptic α1 adrenergic receptors.
Actions:
It causes the dilatation of the resistance vessels as well as capacitance vessels. This results in reduced blood pressure in upright position.
Its long term use may cause water and salt retention. This effect can be reduced by using diuretics.
Therapeutic uses:
1. It is used for mild to moderate chronic hypertension. It is even more useful on combination with diuretic or propranolol.
2. It is also used for acute congestive cardiac failure.
3. To relieve urinary obstruction (Terazosin).
Adverse effects:
It may cause dizziness, headache, lassitude, nasal congestion, postural hypotension, retention of salt and fluid.
It selectively blocks postsynaptic α1 adrenergic receptors.
Actions:
It causes the dilatation of the resistance vessels as well as capacitance vessels. This results in reduced blood pressure in upright position.
Its long term use may cause water and salt retention. This effect can be reduced by using diuretics.
Therapeutic uses:
1. It is used for mild to moderate chronic hypertension. It is even more useful on combination with diuretic or propranolol.
2. It is also used for acute congestive cardiac failure.
3. To relieve urinary obstruction (Terazosin).
Adverse effects:
It may cause dizziness, headache, lassitude, nasal congestion, postural hypotension, retention of salt and fluid.
Phenoxybenzamine
Mechanism of action:
It gets bind to α-adrenergic receptors causing the irreversible blockade of these receptors.
It blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals.
In addition to α-adrenergic receptors blockade, it also causes blockade of histamine (H1), acetylcholine and serotonin receptors.
Actions:
It inhibits vasoconstriction caused by catecholamine resulting in decrease of total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
It decreases blood pressure in upright position or as a result of reduced blood volume. In these situations sympathetic tone is elevated.
It causes an elevation of cardiac output as a result of reflex effects and by some blockade of presynaptic α2 receptors present in cardiac sympathetic nerves.
Pharmacokinetics:
It is well absorbed orally. It has plasma half life of about 12 hours.
Therapeutic uses:
They are used for regulating hypertension in Pheochromocytoma.
It is also used to relieve spasm of the vessels in Raynaud’s phenomenon.
It is used to alleviate urinary blockage in patients of spinal cord injury and prostatic hypertrophy (by partial reversal of contraction of the smooth muscles)
It is also used to regulate autonomic hyperreflexia caused by spinal cord transaction.
Adverse effects:
It may cause fatigue, sedation, miosis, nasal stuffiness, nausea and vomiting local tissue irritation by injection and hyperventilation.
Dosage:
It is given orally in the dose of 10-20 mg /day; The dose may be increased up to 200 mg, gradually.
It is also given by IV infusion in the dose of 1 mg/kg diluted in 5% dextrose or 0.9% saline.
It gets bind to α-adrenergic receptors causing the irreversible blockade of these receptors.
It blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals.
In addition to α-adrenergic receptors blockade, it also causes blockade of histamine (H1), acetylcholine and serotonin receptors.
Actions:
It inhibits vasoconstriction caused by catecholamine resulting in decrease of total peripheral resistance and blood pressure.
It decreases blood pressure in upright position or as a result of reduced blood volume. In these situations sympathetic tone is elevated.
It causes an elevation of cardiac output as a result of reflex effects and by some blockade of presynaptic α2 receptors present in cardiac sympathetic nerves.
Pharmacokinetics:
It is well absorbed orally. It has plasma half life of about 12 hours.
Therapeutic uses:
They are used for regulating hypertension in Pheochromocytoma.
It is also used to relieve spasm of the vessels in Raynaud’s phenomenon.
It is used to alleviate urinary blockage in patients of spinal cord injury and prostatic hypertrophy (by partial reversal of contraction of the smooth muscles)
It is also used to regulate autonomic hyperreflexia caused by spinal cord transaction.
Adverse effects:
It may cause fatigue, sedation, miosis, nasal stuffiness, nausea and vomiting local tissue irritation by injection and hyperventilation.
Dosage:
It is given orally in the dose of 10-20 mg /day; The dose may be increased up to 200 mg, gradually.
It is also given by IV infusion in the dose of 1 mg/kg diluted in 5% dextrose or 0.9% saline.
Mecamylamine
Pharmacokinetics:
It is well absorbed orally. Its duration of action is about 5-12 hours. It is eliminated by renal tubular secretion.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used in hypertension.
Adverse effects:
Mecamylamine results in sedation, tremor and mental deviations.
It is well absorbed orally. Its duration of action is about 5-12 hours. It is eliminated by renal tubular secretion.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used in hypertension.
Adverse effects:
Mecamylamine results in sedation, tremor and mental deviations.
Trimethophan
They cause blockade of nicotinic cholinergic receptors itself. They do not occupy ion channels.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used in
1. hypertensive crisis,
2. for controlled hypotension to reduce bleeding in operation during surgery,
3. acute pulmonary edema to decrease pressure pulmonary vasculature.
Therapeutic uses:
It is used in
1. hypertensive crisis,
2. for controlled hypotension to reduce bleeding in operation during surgery,
3. acute pulmonary edema to decrease pressure pulmonary vasculature.
Hexamethonium
They cause blockade ganglion receptors by occupying sites in or on the ion channels that are regulated by nicotinic cholinergic receptors. They do not occupy cholinergic receptor itself.
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