Integers

Integers are all of the counting numbers. They are represented by "I" i.e.
....,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3.....

They may be positive or negative. Integers that are multiples of 3 are called as even numbers or integers. Moreover 0 is also called as an even number/integer e.g.....,-6,-4,-2,0,2,4,6,......

The numbers other than these are odd integers.

Remainder is that integer which remains at the end of division of one number by another.

(This article give some study about the numbers in GRE preparation)
Further Reading:
Cracking the GRE, 2010 Edition (Graduate School Test Preparation)

Kaplan GRE Exam Vocabulary in a Box

Barron's GRE

Essential Words for the GRE (Barron's Essential Words for the GRE)

Digestive System 3 (Objective Type Questions)

Functional Types of movements in the GIT:


32. The basic propulsive movement of the GIT tract is called ..........................

33. The usual stimulus for intestinal peristalsis is called ...............................

34. peristalsis is stimulated by :

a) chemical stimulus

b) physical stimulus

c) parasympathetic nervous signals

d) Both a&b

e) only c

f) all of above

35. Mixing movements are ................................. in different parts of the elementary tract.

a) remain same

b) changed variously

c) rhythmic

36. Peristalsis occurs only weakly or not at all in any potion of the GIYY tract that has congenital absence of the ………………

37. The direction of the peristalsis can be :

a) unidirectional

b) bidirectional

c) only towards anus

d) a & c

38. When a segment of the intestinal tract is excited by distention and thereby initiates peristalsis ,the contractile ring causing the peristalsis normally begins on the orad side and travels towards :

a) from distended segment to the extended segment

b ) from extended segment to the distended segment

c) towards distended segment only

39. IN some areas ,the peristaltic contractions themselves cause most of the mixing .This is true about ………………….

40. The blood vessels of the GIT are part of a more extensive system called the ………………..

41. The vein which carries the blood through the spleen , pancreas , and gut is called ……………..

42. Semisolid mixture of the food with the gastric secretions is called as……………….

43. Anatomically ,the stomach is usually devided into two major parts named as…………&…………

44. Saliva secretions contain two types of proteins which are: a) mucin and lysine

b) albumin and ptyalin

c) histidine and thymine

d) mucin and ptyalin

45. A typical stomach oxyntic gland is composed of three types of cells i.e.mucous neck cells , peptic cells & ………………

46. Protein digesting enzymes secreted by pancrease gland are: ………………………………………………..

47. The two important component of the pancreatic juice i.e. bicarbonate ions & water are secreted by:

a) acini

b) epithelial cells of the ductules and ducts

c) iselet cells of the pancrease

d) both a& b

48. End product of the hemoglobin is called as…………….

49. Bilirubin & cholesterol is excreated from the body as waste product in the form of ……………….

50. Brunner’s gland is located in the wall of the :

a) jejunum

b) ileum

c) duodenum ,

d) scrotum

Answers to Objective Type Question of Digestive System:

32. peristalsis


33. distention of the gut

34. f

35. b

36. myenteric plexus

37. d

38. c

39. sphincters

40. splanchnic circulation

41. portal vein

42. chime

43. body and antrum

44. d

45. parietal cells

46. trypsin, chymotripsin and carboxypolypeptidase

47. b

48. bilirubin

49. bilirubin

50. c

Further Reading:
Textbook of Medical Physiology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access

Guyton and Hall Physiology Review

Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

Tag:
Multiple Choice Questions, Pharmacy, Physiology, Medical, Pharmacist, Doctor

Digestive System 2 (Objective Type Questions)

Neuronal control of GIT function enteric nervous system :


20. The nervous system of the GIT is called as ............................

21. The number of neurons in enteric nervous system is is about 100 million which is assumed to be aqual to the number in the..........................

22. The outer plexus of enteric nervous system lies b/w the ........................and ...................... layers called myenteric plexuses.

23. sub mucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system is called as...................,that lies in the sub mucosa.

a) myenteric plexus,

b) Meissner's plexus

c) none of the above

24. The GIT movements are controlled by ;

a) sub mucosal plexus

b) myenteric plexus

c) hormonal secretions

25. GIT secretions and local blood flow is controlled by :

a) sub mucosal plexus

b) myenteric plexus

c) hormonal secretions

Differences b/w the Myenteric and submucosal plexuses:

26. My enteric plexus consists of a ..................chain of interconnected neurons that extends the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract.

a) circular

b) branched

c) linear

27. what is wrong about the GIT smooth muscle stimulation :

a) Stimulation of My enteric plexus causes the decreased tonic contraction .

b) Stimulation of My enteric plexus causes the increased rate of rhymes of contraction .

c) Stimulation of My enteric plexus causes the decreased intensity of chemical contractions .

d) Stimulation of My enteric plexus causes the increased velocity of inhibition of the excitatory waves along the gut wall.

28. Myenteric plexus are :

a) excitatory ,

b) inhibitory

c) not completely inhibitory

d ) not completely excitatory

29. The inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by my enteric plexus is called ..............................

30. Control of function within the inner wall of each minute segment is handled by .....................

a) hormonal secretions

b) myenteric plexus

c) sub mucosal plexus ,

d) non of the above

Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons:

31. About more than 12 types of neurotransmitters are secreted by enteric neurons ,out of which more familiar are:

a) cholecystokinin

b) adenosine triphosphate

c) serotonin

d) Acetylcholine and epinephrine.

Answers to Objective Type Questions of Digestive System:

20. enteric nervous system .


21. spinal cord.

22. longitudinal ,circular

23. b

24. b

25. a

26. c

27. b

28. d

29. intestinal polypeptide

30. ()

31. d

Further Reading:
Textbook of Medical Physiology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access
Guyton and Hall Physiology Review

Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
 
Tag:
Preparation of Pharmacy Exams, Tests of Physiology, MCQs of Physiology

Digestive System 1(Objectives)

General principles of Gastrointestinal Functions :

1. The alimentary tract provides the body with:

a) water and electrolytes

b) nutrients

c) enzymes

d) Both a & b

2. The GIT tract consists of the layers;serosa ,longitudinal muscle layer ,circular muscle layer, submucosa and ......................

3. The motor functions of gut are performed by ;

a) smooth muscle layer

b) circular muscle layer

c) serosa

d) both a&b

GIT SMOOTH MUSCLES FUNCTIONS:

4. An individual smooth muscle is ....................micrometer in length and .............................micrometer in diameter.

5. The peristalsis is regulated by two main types of muscles i.e.: .....................................................

6. The active potential of muscles is stored in the form of : .................................

Electrical activity of GIT smooth muscles:

7. The smooth muscle of the GIT is excited by continual electrical activity which is :

a) slow

b) fast

c) slow and intrinsic

d) fast and intrinsic

8. The motor activity of GIT is controlled mainly by :

a) neuronal control

b) change in resting membrane potential

c) hormonal secretions

d) both a&b

9. Most gastrointestinal contractions occur rhythmically and this rhythm is determined mainly by the frequency of the ................................. of smooth muscles .

10. slow waves are undulating changes in resting membrane potential and its intentisity varies b/w 5-15 .......................

11. It is assumed that the electrical pacemaker of the smooth muscle cells are ........................

12. The muscle contraction is excited by :

a) spike potential

b) slow waves

c) neuronal and hormonal stimulation

13. The true Action potential of smooth muscles of GIT is called as .................................

14. The important difference b/w Action potential of GIT smooth muscles and nerve fiber is ...................

15. The duration of action potential of smooth muscle fibers of GIT is .....................than that of neuron fibers . a) less

b) long

c) much more

d) much less

16. When resting membrane potential becomes more negative ,the smooth muscle fibers of GIT become more .................

17. Acetylcholine causes the smooth muscles to be ..........................

a) polarized ,

b) depolarized ,

c) make more excitable

d) make less excitable

18. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation causes the ................................... of the smooth muscles of GIT .

19. Epinephrine & nor-epinephrine cause the ...................................of the smooth muscles of GIT .

Answers to Objective Type Questions of Digestive System:

1. d


2. mucosa

3. a

4. 200 to 500 and 2 to 10

5. longitudinal and circular

6. Na & Cl ions

7. c

8. b

9. Slow waves.

10. Milli volts

11. interstitial cells .

12. a

13. spike potential

14. manner of generation

15. b

16. excitable

17. b

18. excitable

19. hyper polarization/ less excitation

Further Reading:
Textbook of Medical Physiology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access

Guyton and Hall Physiology Review

Pocket Companion to Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology

Tag:
Preparation of Pharmacy Exams, Tests of Physiology, MCQs of Physiology

Action

Spend in the Way of Allah. Do not cast yourselves into destruction. And do good: Allah loves good-doers. (195)
(Surah Al-Baqarah (The Heifer), Surah # 2: Ayah #195)

Do not be like those who split up and differed after the Clear Signs came to them. They will have a terrible punishment. (105)
(Surah Al ‘Imran (The Family Of 'Imran, The House Of 'Imran), Surah # 3: Ayah # 105)

Race each other to forgiveness from your Lord and a Garden as wide as the heavens and the earth, prepared for the people who guard against evil. (133)
(Surah Al ‘Imran (The Family Of 'Imran, The House Of 'Imran), Surah # 3: Ayah # 133)

Worship Allah and do not associate anything with Him. Be good to your parents and relatives and to orphans and the very poor, and to neighbours who are related to you and neighbours who are not related to you, and to companions and travellers and your slaves. Allah does not love anyone vain or boastful. (36)
(Surah An-Nisa’(Women), Surah # 4: Ayah # 36)

You who believe! Do not make forbidden the good things Allah has made lawful for you, and do not overstep the limits. Allah does not love people who overstep the limits. (87)
(Surah Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread), Surah # 5: Ayah # 87)

Abandon those who have turned their religion into a game and a diversion and who have been deluded by the life of this world. Remind by it lest a person is delivered up to destruction for what he has earned with no protector or intercessor besides Allah. Were he to offer every kind of compensation, it would not be accepted from him. Such people are delivered up to destruction for what they have earned. They will have scalding water to drink and a painful punishment because they disbelieved. (70)
(Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 70)

Abandon wrong action, outward and inward. Those who commit wrong action will be repaid for what they perpetrated. (120)
(Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 120)

Say: ‘Come and I will recite to you what your Lord has made forbidden for you’: that you do not associate anything with Him; that you are good to your parents; that you do not kill your children because of poverty–We will provide for you and them; that you do not approach indecency– outward or inward; that you do not kill any person Allah has made inviolate–except with the right to do so. That is what He instructs you to do so that hopefully you will use your intellect. (151) And that you do not go near the property of orphans before they reach maturity–except in a good way; that you give full measure and full weight with justice– We impose on no self any more than it can bear; that you are equitable when you speak–even if a near relative is concerned; and that you fulfill Allah’s contract. That is what He instructs you to do, so that hopefully you will pay heed. (152) This is My Path and it is straight, so follow it. Do not follow other ways or you will become cut off from His Way. That is what He instructs you to do, so that hopefully you will guard against evil. (153)
(Surah Al-An’am (The Cattle), Surah # 6: Ayah # 151-153)

Do not rely on those who do wrong thus causing the Fire to afflict you, for you have no protector besides Allah; then you will not be helped. (113)
(Surah Hud (The Prophet Hud), Surah # 11: Ayah # 113)

Proclaim what you have been ordered to and turn away from the idolaters. (94)
(Surah Al-Hijr, Surah # 15: Ayah # 94)

Allah commands justice and doing good and giving to relatives. And He forbids indecency and doing wrong and tyranny. He warns you so that hopefully you will pay heed. (90)
(Surah An-Nahl (The Bee), Surah # 16: Ayah # 90)

A good action and a bad action are not the same. Repel the bad with something better and, if there is enmity between you and someone else, he will be like a bosom friend. (34) None will obtain it but those who are truly steadfast. None will obtain it but those who have great good fortune. (35)
(Surah Fussilat (Expounded) or HA MIM, Surah # 41: Ayah # 34-35)

You who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger. Do not make your actions of no worth. (33)
(Surah Muhammad or Surah Al-Qital (The Fighting), Surah # 47: Ayah # 33)

You who believe! Have fear of Allah and let each self look to what it has sent forward for Tomorrow. Have fear of Allah. Allah is aware of what you do. (18) Do not be like those who forgot Allah so He made them forget themselves. Such people are the deviators. (19)
(Surah Al-Hushr (The Mustering), Surah # 59: Ayah #18-19)

(Holy Quran guides us to the Right Path)

Accusations

Those who make an accusation against their wives and have no witnesses except themselves, such people should testify four times by Allah that they are telling the truth (6) and a fifth time that Allah’s curse will be upon them if they are lying. (7) And the punishment is removed from her if she testifies four times by Allah that he is lying (8) and a fifth time that Allah’s anger will be upon her if he is telling the truth. (9)
(Surah An-Nur (The Light), Surah # 24: Ayah # 6-9)

(Holy Quran Guides us to the Right Path)

Abusing (Related to)

You who believe! Do not be like those who abused Musa. Allah absolved him of what they said and he was highly honoured with Allah. (69)
(Surah Al-Ahzab (The confederates), Surah # 33: Ayah # 69)

You who believe! People should not ridicule others who may be better than themselves; nor should any women ridicule other women who may be better than themselves. And do not find fault with one another or insult each other with derogatory nicknames. How evil it is to have a name for evil conduct after coming to faith! Those people who do not turn from it are wrongdoers.(11)
(Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 11)

(Holy Quran and the Right Direction)