PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY: Biopharmaceutics, Generic Equivalence, Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, Drug Disposition, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation and Therapeutic Equivalents.
2. GASTRO-INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Forces which help in transmembrane movements, pH Partition Theory, Lipid Solubility and Factors affecting Bioavailability.
3. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES: Purpose, Relative and Absolute Bioavailability, and Determination of Bioavailability.
4. FACTORS AFFECTING DISSOLUTION IN RESPECT OF BIOAVAILABILITY: Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution.
5. MULTIPLE DOSAGE REGEMIN.
6. INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS.
7. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC ASPECTS IN DEVELOPING A DOSAGE FORM.
PHARMACEUTICS-X (Biopharmaceutics)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Blood Sampling Techniques: In Laboratory Animals like dog, rabbits, mice etc. In human beings, In-vitro dissolution studies, Optional dose determination, Measurement of rate of Bioavailability, Determination of relative and absolute bioavailability.
Recommended Books
1. Leon Shargel, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Appleton & Lange, New York, 4th Ed., 1999.
2. Malcoln Rouland, Thomous N Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, William & Willkins, London, 1995.
3. Milo Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1982.
4. Gibbson and Skett, Introduction to Drug Metabolism, Champ & Hall,London, 1986.
5. Robert E Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Marchel & Dakker Inc, New York, 1988.
6. Stephen H Curry, Drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, Black Well Scientific Publishing, Oxford, 1977.
7. Avraham Yacobi, Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development, Paramount Press, New York, 1989.
8. Sarfraz Niazi, Text Book of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1985.
9. P Macheras, C Reppas and J B Dressman, Biopharmaceutics of orally administered drugs, Ellis Horwood Limited, London (1995).
10. Albert P Li, Invitro approaches for evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, CRC Press LLC, USA, 2004.
11. Ronald D Schoenwald, Pharmacokinetics in drug discovery and Development, CRC Press, LLC, USA, 2002.
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MASS TRANSFER.
2. HEAT TRANSFER.
3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying.
4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.).
5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters).
6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure.
7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating,
Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules).
8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
(a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
(b) Inflammable gases and dusts.
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. MASS TRANSFER.
2. HEAT TRANSFER.
3. DRYING: Theories of drying, Drying of Solids, Classification of dryers, General Methods, Fluidized Bed systems, Pneumatic systems, Spray dryer, Freeze dying.
4. MIXING: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid mixing, Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball Mill. Endrumer, Edge Rumer, Disintegrant, Colloid Mill, Hammer Mill, Cutter Mill, and Fluid Energy Mill etc.).
5. CLARIFICATION AND FILTERATION: Theory, Filter media, Filter aids, Filter selection and Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Melta filters and Rotary filters).
6. EVAPORATION: General principles of Evaporation, Evaporators and Evaporation under reduced pressure.
7. COMPRESSION AND COMPACTION: The solid-air Interface, Angle of Repose, Flow rates, Mass volume relationship, Density, Heckel Plots, Consolidation, Granulation, Friability, Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging), Physics of Tabletting, tabletting machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating,
Capsulation (Hard and Soft gelatin capsules).
8. SAFETY METHODS IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
(a) Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
(b) Inflammable gases and dusts.
PHARMACEUTICS-IX (Industrial Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Manufacture of Tablets by Wet Granulation Method, by Slugging and by Direct Compression. Coating of Tablets (Sugar Coating, Film coatingand Enteric Coating). Clarification of liquids by various processes. Size Reduction. Homogenization.
Recommended Books
1. Lackman, Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Verghese Publishing House, Bombay, 1987.
2. Cooper and Gunn’s, Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
3. Bentley’s Pharmaceutical Text Book, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
4. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
5. John Sharp, Good Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Practice, Rational and Compliance.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.
2. PATIENT PROFILE:
(a) Patient disease profile.
(b) Taking case History.
(c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)
3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES. Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.
4. EMERGENCY TREATMENT.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed.,
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book,
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success,
8. Joseph. T. Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients.1997
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PHARMACY: Terminologies, Basic Components and Scope.
2. PATIENT PROFILE:
(a) Patient disease profile.
(b) Taking case History.
(c) Drug Profile of 25 Drugs (Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine, Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinolone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin)
3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF DRUG SUBSTANCES. Designing of clinical trials, Types of trials, Choice of patients, Exclusion of patients and Monitoring a clinical trial.
4. EMERGENCY TREATMENT.
PHARMACEUTICS-VIII (Clinical Pharmacy-I)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
Clerkship in the Clinical setting. A project related to Clinical Pharmacy Practices will be completed by the students and will be evaluated by the external examiner.
Recommended Books
1. Roger Walker, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
2. Guard Paul, A Behavioral Approach to Pharmacy Practice, Black Well, USA, 2000.
3. Herfindal Gourley, Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics,
4. A J Winfield, Pharmaceutical Practice, Churchill Levingstone, London, 2nd Ed.,
5. Kavin Taylor, Pharmacy Practice, Taylor & Francis, New York, 1998.
6. Deborah Rosenbaun, Clinical Research Coordinator Hand Book,
7. Simon Cook, Clinical Studies Management, a Practical Guide to Success,
8. Joseph. T. Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy.
9. Joseph T Dipiro, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy. Marcel Dekker Publishing 2002.
10. Mellainie J Rantucci, Pharmacist Talking with Patients.1997
11. Smith GDG and Aronson J K, Oxford Text Book of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Oxford Universotu Press, UK, 1990.
12. Hansten P and Horn J, Drug interactions. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
Fourth Professional, First Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-VII (Hospital Pharmacy-I)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
(b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals.
(c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy.
2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
(a) Classification of Hospitals.
(b) Organizational Pattern.
(c) Administration.
(d) Clinical Departments.
(e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc.
(f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital.
(g) Hospital Finances.
3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
(a) Pharmacy specialist.
(b) Drug information Centre.
(c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank.
(d) Pharmacy Education.
(e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff.
(f) Professional services rendered.
4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE.
5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY
(a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary.
(b) Format.
(c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist.
(d) Benefits and problems.
(e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
(f) Contraceptives.
6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS
(a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s.
(b) Unit dose dispensing.
(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.
7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES.
9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS.
10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL
(a) Medication error.
(b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan, 2000.
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. INTRODUCTION
(a) Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
(b) Minimum standards for pharmacies in Institutions/Hospitals.
(c) Research in Hospital Pharmacy.
2. HOSPITAL AND ITS ORGANIZATION
(a) Classification of Hospitals.
(b) Organizational Pattern.
(c) Administration.
(d) Clinical Departments.
(e) Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc.
(f) Role of Pharmacy in Hospital.
(g) Hospital Finances.
3. PHARMACY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
(a) Pharmacy specialist.
(b) Drug information Centre.
(c) Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank.
(d) Pharmacy Education.
(e) Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff.
(f) Professional services rendered.
4. PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE.
5. THE HOSPITAL FORMULARY
(a) General Principles and guidelines to develop Formulary.
(b) Format.
(c) Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist.
(d) Benefits and problems.
(e) Keeping up-to-date Formulary.
(f) Contraceptives.
6. DISPENSING TO INPATIENTS
(a) Methods of Dispensing & SOP’s.
(b) Unit dose dispensing.
(c) Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.
7. DISPENSING TO AMBULATORY PATIENTS.
8. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROL SUBSTANCES.
9. DISPENSING DURING OFF-HOURS.
10. SAFE USE OF MEDICATION IN THE HOSPITAL
(a) Medication error.
(b) Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error.
(c) Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error.
Recommended Books
1. William Hassan, Hospital Pharmacy, Lee & Febiger, Washington, 5th Ed., 1986.
2. N I Bukhari, Hospital Pharmacy, Aziz Book Depot, Lahore-Pakistan, 2000.
3. Martin Stephen, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2003.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutics
PHARMACEUTICS-IV (Community Pharmacy)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND.
2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy.
3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT.
4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects.
5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION.
6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING.
7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE.
8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.
Recommended Books
1. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A Practical Handbook.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
3. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 04
1. DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND.
2. PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PHARMACY: Epidemeology & its Control, Preventive Health (EPI & CDC), Family Planning and Health Policy & National Drug Policy.
3. PATIENT ASSESSMENT.
4. MEDICAL COMPLICATION OF DRUG TAKING: General and Socioeconomic Aspects.
5. PATIENT PHARMACIST COMMUNICATION.
6. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNCELLING.
7. CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE AND MISUSE.
8. ROLE OF PHARMACIST: As Public Health Educator in the Community for Drug Monitoring and Drug Information.
Recommended Books
1. Roy Robertson, Management of Drug Users in the Community: A Practical Handbook.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, USA, 2001.
3. Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS.
2. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques.
3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
Note:- The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical Applications.
1. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Liquid Chromatography, HPLC and GCMS.
2. ELECTRO CHEMICAL METHODS: Potentiometry, Polarography and Radiochemical Techniques.
3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY.
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-IV (Instrumentation)
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the requirements, e.g. Determination of the Purity and Composition of the unknown drugs by using at least each of the above techniques.
Recommended Books
1. Lough W J, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Blacki Academic Press, New York, 1996
2. William Kemp,Organic Spectroscopy, Ellsi Horwood, London, 1990. 3. M Aminuddin & Javed Iqbal, Theory and Practice of Chromatography, University Grants Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan (2000).
4. A H Beckett and J B Stennlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I and II, the aulton Press, London.
5. A M Knevel and F E Digangi, Jenkins’s quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6. A Braithwaite and F J Smith, Chromatographic Methods, Chapman and Hall, London.
7. E Heftmann, Chromatography, Von Nostrond Reinheld Co, New York, 1975.
8. A Pryde and M J Gilbert, Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman & Hall, London, 1979.
9. E Stahl, Thin Layer Chromatography, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969.
10. R Hamilton, Introduction to HPLC, P A Sewell, Chapman & Hall, London, 1982.
Third Professional, Second Semester, Pharmacognosy
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:
(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil.
(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu.
(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
(g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.
(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.
2. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
(a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis.
(b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth.
(c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
(d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh.
(e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin.
3. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.
(a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
(b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
(c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona.
(d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
(e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.
(f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus.
(g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum.
(h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum.
(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.
4. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
(Theory)
Cr. Hr. 03
1. VOLATILE OILS (ESSENTIAL OILS): Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:
(a) Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Terpentine oil.
(b) Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
(c) Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
(d) Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu.
(e) Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
(f) Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
(g) Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
(h) Ester volatile oils: Rosemary.
(i) Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.
2. RESINS AND RESIN COMBINATION: Introduction, properties and difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
(a) Resins: Rosin, Cannabis.
(b) Glycoresins: Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth.
(c) Oleoresins: Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
(d) Oleo-gum resins: Asafoetida, Myrrh.
(e) Balsams: Storax, Peruvian balsam, Tolu balsam, Benzoin.
3. ALKALOIDS: Introduction, Properties, Cassification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests.
(a) Pyridine — Piperidine Alkaloids: Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
(b) Tropane Alkaloids: Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
(c) Quinoline Alkaloids: Cinchona.
(d) Isoquinoline Alkaloids: Ipecacuanha, Opium.
(e) Indole alkaloids: Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot.
(f) Imidazole alkaloids: Pilocarpus.
(g) Steroidal alkaloids: Veratrum.
(h) Alkaloidal amines: Ephedra, colchicum.
(i) Purine Bases: Tea, Coffee.
4. TUMOUR INHIBITORS FROM PLANT: Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.
PHARMACOGNOSY-IV
(Laboratory)
Cr. Hr. 01
NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the above mentioned theoretical topics and availability of the facilities, e.g. Isolation and separation of active constituents of crude drugs by paper and thin layer chromatography.
Recommended Books
1. V E Tyler, L R Brady and J E Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. G E Trease and W C Evans, Pharmacognosy, W B Saunders, Philadelphia, Toronto, 2002.
3. K Usmanghani, Topics in Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission Monograph Series, Islamabad, pp74, 1985.
4. T E Wellis, Text book of Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
5. Varro E Taylor, Pharmacognosy, Lee Febiger Philadelphia, 9th Ed.
6. Mohammad Ali, Introduction to Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 1986.
7. K Usmanghani, Chemical Pharmacognosy, University Grants Commission, Islamabad, 1985.
8. Youngkin H W, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, The Blakiston Co, Toronto, 6th Ed., 1948.
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