You who believe! Avoid most suspicion. Indeed some suspicion is a crime. And do not spy and do not backbite one another. Would any of you like to eat his brother’s dead flesh? No, you would hate it. And have fear of Allah. Allah is Ever-Returning, Most Merciful. (12)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat (The Chambers), Surah # 49: Ayah # 12)
Wednesday, May 5, 2010
Friday, April 30, 2010
Percent
The term percent represents per hundred or divided by one hundred such as
2% = 2/100 and
35% = 35/100
In order to find x% of y, where x and y are real numbers, we multiply x% with y. For example,
30% of 500 => 30/100 x 500 = 150
On the other hand, in order to find that, x is what %age of y, we divide x and y and multiply it with 100. Here x and y are real numbers. For example,
7 is what percent of 14?
Here 7 is divided by 14 and multiplied by 100
7/14 x 100 = 50 %
If we want to find the %age increase, We can do as follows
Suppose, there is a number 400 which is increased by 50 numbers and becomes 450. We can detect percent increase by this way
50/400 x 100 = 12.5%
In order to detect %age decrease, we can do as follows
Suppose there is a number 200 which is decreased by 20 numbers and becomes 180, we can calculate % decrease by
20/200 x 100 = 10%
To detect %age increase, Suppose x is a number and y is its final increased state (any number) and z = y - x
Here z/x x 100 and to%age decrease , x is a number and y is decreased number and z = x - y, so z/x x 100.
Here x=base.
In the above examples, 400 and 200 are bases.
Further Reading:
Cracking the GRE, 2010 Edition (Graduate School Test Preparation)
Kaplan GRE Exam Vocabulary in a Box
Barron's GRE
Essential Words for the GRE (Barron's Essential Words for the GRE)
Kaplan GRE Exam 2010-2011 Premier with CD-ROM (Kaplan GRE Premier Program (W/CD))
GRE: Practicing to Take the General Test 10th Edition (Practicing to Take the Gre General Test)
Kaplan GRE Exam Math Workbook
Barron's GRE with CD-ROM
Kaplan GRE Exam 2009 Premier Program (w/ CD-ROM) (Kaplan Gre Exam Premier Live)
2% = 2/100 and
35% = 35/100
In order to find x% of y, where x and y are real numbers, we multiply x% with y. For example,
30% of 500 => 30/100 x 500 = 150
On the other hand, in order to find that, x is what %age of y, we divide x and y and multiply it with 100. Here x and y are real numbers. For example,
7 is what percent of 14?
Here 7 is divided by 14 and multiplied by 100
7/14 x 100 = 50 %
If we want to find the %age increase, We can do as follows
Suppose, there is a number 400 which is increased by 50 numbers and becomes 450. We can detect percent increase by this way
50/400 x 100 = 12.5%
In order to detect %age decrease, we can do as follows
Suppose there is a number 200 which is decreased by 20 numbers and becomes 180, we can calculate % decrease by
20/200 x 100 = 10%
To detect %age increase, Suppose x is a number and y is its final increased state (any number) and z = y - x
Here z/x x 100 and to%age decrease , x is a number and y is decreased number and z = x - y, so z/x x 100.
Here x=base.
In the above examples, 400 and 200 are bases.
Further Reading:
Cracking the GRE, 2010 Edition (Graduate School Test Preparation)
Kaplan GRE Exam Vocabulary in a Box
Barron's GRE
Essential Words for the GRE (Barron's Essential Words for the GRE)
Kaplan GRE Exam 2010-2011 Premier with CD-ROM (Kaplan GRE Premier Program (W/CD))
GRE: Practicing to Take the General Test 10th Edition (Practicing to Take the Gre General Test)
Kaplan GRE Exam Math Workbook
Barron's GRE with CD-ROM
Kaplan GRE Exam 2009 Premier Program (w/ CD-ROM) (Kaplan Gre Exam Premier Live)
Deliquescence
It means to dissolve gradually by absorbing moisture from the air.
It is derived from the Latin word “deliquescere” literally “to start melting away”, from “liquere” that is “to be liquid”.
Deliquescent:
Deliquescent materials are substances (mostly salts) that have a strong affinity for moisture and will absorb relatively large amounts of water from the atmosphere if exposed to it, forming a liquid solution.
Explanation:
In deliquescence, the final more hydrated state must still exert a lower vapor pressure than that of the water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere.
If this is not so, then the newly formed hydrated state will immediately lose water by efflorescence and revert to the initial state.
Thus, for a liquid phase to be produced by deliquescence, it is necessary that the vapor pressure exerted by a saturated solution of the deliquescent material should be less than 13.33 x 10^2 N/m^2.
Examples:
The behavior of NaOH.H2O may be used as an example of deliquescence.
NaOH.H2O(v.p. is very low at 293K) --> (deliquescence) --> Saturated solution of NaOH (v.p. = 1.33x 10^2 N/m^2 at 293K) --> (further deliquescence) --> Unsaturated solution of NaOH (v.p. = v.p. of atmospheric pressure).
Other deliquescent materials include
Potassium hydroxide,
Sodium lactate,
Ferric ammonium citrate,
Ferric ammonium citrate,
Potassium bicarbonate.
Example from everyday life:
In everyday life, people are most likely to come across deliquescence when they spill some instant coffee. This turns from a dry powder to sticky liquid when exposed to air for a few hours.
Reduction of Deliquescence:
Storage precautions for pharmaceutical preparations that are deliquescent are aimed at the maintenance of a moisture free atmosphere inside the container. Well closed containers should be used.
In addition, a well filled container limits the volume of atmosphere in the container and therefore further reduces the uptake of moisture by the product.
In some cases, when the product is particularly susceptible to moisture, a drying agent may be placed inside the container. Silica gel is often used in small packets.
Uses of Deliquescents:
1. Due to their very high affinity for water, these substances are often used as desiccants which is also an application for concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids
2. these substances are used in the chemical industry to remove the water produced by chemical reactions to increase the yields.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Deliquescence in Pharmaceutics
A Desiccants
B Efflorescent
C Anti oxidants
D None of the Above
--------------------
2 All these salts are deliquescent except ____________
A Magnesium iodide
B Lithium Sulphide
C Sodium Dichloro-isocyanurate dehydrate
D None of the Above
----------------------
3. The water absorb by the deliquescent salt cause A _____________ in melting point of solid
A Decrease
B Increase
C No change
D None of the Above
----------------------
4. When A solid absorb water from atmosphere it change into ______________ phase
A Liquid
B Solid
C Gas
D semisolid
-----------------------
5. Solid substances absorb enough water to lower is melting point below ____________
A Room temperature
B constant temperature
C 45 C
D 200 C
-----------------------
Answers of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Deliquescence in Pharmaceutics
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
-----------------------
Further Reading:
Industrial Pharmacy
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Industrial Pharmacy
1. Industrial pharmacy is basically concerned with………a. Dispensing of medicines
b. Storage of medicines
c. Preparation of medicines
d. All of above
-----------------------
2. To develop new drugs into effective medicines is the aim of ………
a. Retail pharmacy
b. Industrial pharmacy
c. Forensic pharmacy
d. Hospital pharmacy
-----------------------
3. Basic facilities for pharmaceutical industry are………
a. Water
b. Light
c. Gas
d. Labour
e. All of above
-----------------------
4. The proper site for pharmaceutical industry………
a. Should not be near a chemical industry
b. Must be near the city
c. Should be near a chemical industry
d. All are correct except “c”
-----------------------
5. Which one of the following is the advantage of industrial pharmacy……
a) Extemporaneous preparations
b) Bulk compounding
c) Quality assurance
d) All of above
e) b and c are correct
-----------------------
Answers of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Industrial Pharmacy
1. Answer is “c” that is “Preparation of medicines”2. Answer is “b” that is “Industrial pharmacy”
3. Answer is “e” that is “All of above”
4. Answer is “d” that is “All are correct except c”
5. Answer is “e” that is “b and c are correct”
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
---------------------------
Further Reading:
Calcination
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Calcination in Pharmaceutics
1 .Calcination is used for………a. Organic
b. Radio-active
c. In-organic
d. None of above
------------------------
2. Calcination takes place at a temperature sufficiently high without………
a. Fusion
b. Fission
c. Boiling
d. None of these
-------------------------
3. Another name of Calcii Hydroxidum is……
a. Calcium sulphate
b. Calcium oxalate
c. Calcium hydroxide
d. Calcium carbonate
------------------------
4. Calcination is used in…….process:-
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
c. Volumetric
d. Gravimetric
---------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Calcination in Pharmaceutics
1. Answer is “c” that is “In-organic”
2. Answer is “a” that is “Fusion”
3. Answer is “c” that is “Calcium hydroxide”
4. Answer is “d” that is “Gravimetric”
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
--------------------
Further Reading:
Flashcard Study System for the PTCB Exam: PTCB Test Practice Questions & Review for the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Examination
Tutorial Pharmacy
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)
Physical Pharmacy: Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences
Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Applied Physical Pharmacy
Animals
You who believe! Fulfil your contracts. All livestock animals are lawful for you, except those that are recited to you now; but it is still not lawful to hunt while you are in the state of pilgrimage. Allah makes whatever judgements He wills. (1)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread), Surah # 5: Ayah # 1)
And horses, mules and donkeys both to ride and for adornment. And He creates other things
you do not know. (8)
(Holy Quran, Surah An-Nahl (The Bee), Surah # 16: Ayah # 8)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Ma’ida (The Table, The Table Spread), Surah # 5: Ayah # 1)
And horses, mules and donkeys both to ride and for adornment. And He creates other things
you do not know. (8)
(Holy Quran, Surah An-Nahl (The Bee), Surah # 16: Ayah # 8)
Alms
Perform prayer and give the alms and bow with those who bow. (43)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Baqarah (The Heifer), Surah # 2: Ayah # 43)
Perform prayer and give the alms and obey the Messenger so that hopefully mercy will be
shown to you.
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Nur (The light), Surah # 24: Ayah # 56)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Baqarah (The Heifer), Surah # 2: Ayah # 43)
Perform prayer and give the alms and obey the Messenger so that hopefully mercy will be
shown to you.
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Nur (The light), Surah # 24: Ayah # 56)
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