Novel and latest types of drugs and drug delivery systems

(WA Check) Newer drug delivery systems are more effective, target specific and more close to nature. Following are some of the novel drug delivery systems:

Products:
1. Radiopharmaceuticals

2. Biotechnology products:
a. Gene therapy
b. Hormones
c. Vaccines
d. Interleukins
e. Monoclonal antibodies
f. Peptides
g. Anti-sense drugs
h. Clotting factors
i. Erythropoietins
j. Colony stimulating factors
k. Tissue plasminogen activator
l. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
m. Prostaglandins

3. Other techniques and products:
a. Nanocrystal particles
b. Nanogels (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
c. Block ionomer complexes (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
d. Nanotubes (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)e. Nanofibers (Jamie L. Gilmore et al.)
f. Magnetic systems (WA Check)
g. Microspheres (Kelvin Hong et al.)
h. Temperature sensitive capsules (Sahraoui Chaieb et al.)
i. Dry powder injection (Terry L. Burkoth et al.)

Delivery systems:
1. Topical administration:
a. Iontophoresis
b. Phonophoresis
c. Controlled release microchips (John T. Santini, Jr., et al.)

2. Oral administration:
a. Mucoadhesive system
b. Osmotic pump

3. Vaginal Administration:
a. Intravaginal drug delivery system
b. Intrauterine progesterone drug delivery system
c. Dinoprostone vaginal insert
d. Estradiol vaginal ring
e. Bioadhesive vaginal gel

4.Ophthalmic products:
a. Inserts

5. Parenteral administration:
a. Liposomes
b. Niosomes
c. Long acting parenteral systems


6. Pegylated Dosage forms

7. Fusion protein

8. Implants

9. Autoinjection systems

References:
Jamie L. Gilmore, Xiang Yi, Lingdong Quan, and Alexander V. Kabanov. Novel Nanomaterials for Clinical Neuroscience. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 2008 June; volume 3, Number 2, Pages 83–94.

John T. Santini, Jr.

Kelvin Hong, Afsheen Khwaja, Eleni Liapi, Michael S. Torbenson, Cristos S. Georgiades and Jean-Francois H. Geschwind. New Intra-arterial Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Liver Cancer: Preclinical Assessment in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research Volume 12, Pages 2563-2567.

Sahraoui Chaieb

Terry L. Burkoth, Drug delivery by transdermal and transmucosal powder injection

WA Check. New drugs and drug-delivery systems in the year 2000. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Vol 41, Issue 8, Pages 1536-1547.

Further Reading:
Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery: Novel Carrier Systems by Vyas / Khar

Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: Fundamentals, Novel Approaches, and Development (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Edith Mathiowitz, Donald E. Chickering III and Claus-Michael Lehr

Progress in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery Systems by N. K. Jain

Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences) by Deepak Thassu, Michel Deleers and Yashwant Pathak

Gene therapy: Gene Therapy: Treating Disease by Repairing Genes (New Biology) by Joseph Ph.D. Panno

Gene and Cell Therapy: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies, Third Edition by Nancy Smyth Templeton

Interleukins: Interleukin Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) (Methods in Molecular Medicine) by Luke A. J. Neil and Andrew Bowie

Therapeutic Applications of Interleukin-2 (Basic and Clinical Oncology) by Michael Atkins

Monoclonal Antibodies: Handbook of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies by an Zhiqiang and william strohl

Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology) by Maher albitar

Colony stimulating factors: Colony-stimulating Factors by John M. Garland

Fusion Proteins: Antibody Fusion Proteins by Steven M. Chamow and Avi Achkenazi

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Classification of sulfonamides

Detailed classification of Sulfonamides

List of Antibiotic Sulfonamides on the basis of concentration-time data:

1. Short Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulfadiazine
b. Sulfadimidine
c. Sulfamethizole
d. Sulfamethoxazole
e. Sulfisoxazole
f. Sulfisomidine or sulfaisodimidine
g. Sulfathiazole (Veterinary Product)
h. Trisulfapyrimidine (Veterinary Product)

2. Intermediate Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulacetamide
b. Sulfadoxine
c. Sulfamimethoxine (Veterinary Product)
d. Sulfamethoxazole (Veterinary Product)
e. Sulfamethazine (Veterinary Product)
f. Sulfadiazine (Veterinary Product)

3. Long Acting Sulfonamide:
a. Sulfadoxine
b. Sulfamethoxy-pyridazine
c. Sulfametopyrazine
d. Sulfaphenazole
e. Sulfadimethoxine (Veterinary Product)

List of Diuretic Sulfonamides:
a. Acetazolamide
b. Benzolamide
c. Bumetanide
d. Ethoxzolamide
e. Methazolamide
f. Dichlorophenamide or Diclophenamide
g. Chlorthalidone
h. Clopamide
i. Dorzolamide
j. Furosemide
k. Hydrochlorothiazide
l. Indapamide
m. Mefruside
n. Metolazone
o. Xipamide

List of Sulfonamides for local application:
a. Mafenide
b. Silver sulfadiazine
c. Sulacetamide
d. Sulfapyridine

List of Sulfonamides for GIT disturbance:
a. Phthalyl sulfathiazole
b. Sulfasalazine

Further Reading:
The Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Laurence Brunton, Donald blumenthal, Iain buxton and Keith Parker

AHFS Drug Information 2008 (Ahfs Drug Information) by American Society of Health-system

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu and Michelle A. Clarke

Food Safety; Contaminants and Toxins, edited by J. P. F. D'Mello
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Atropine

Atropine is a naturally occuring anti-muscarinic agent.
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Adrenaline

Adrenaline is an endogenous catecholamine.
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Classification of cephalosporins

These are chemically and in their mode of action similar to penicillin.

These are classified according to the generations:

First generation cephalosporins:
a. Cefacetrile,
b. Cefadroxil (R. E. Buck et al.) (Oral),
c. Cefalexin, (Oral)
d. Cefaloglycin,
e. Cefalonium,
f. Cefaloridine, (Parenteral)
g. Cefalothin, (Parenteral)
h. Cefapirin, (Parenteral)
i. Cefatrizine,
j. Cefazedone,
k. Cefazaflur,
l. Cefazolin, (Parenteral)
m. Cefradine, (Oral)
n. Cefroxadine,
o. Ceftezole

Second generation cephalosporins:
a. Cefaclor, (Oral)
b. Cefamandole, (Parenteral)
c. Cefmetazole, (Parenteral)
d. Cefminox,
e. Cefonicid, (Parenteral)
f. Ceforanide, (Parenteral)
g. Cefoxitin, (Parenteral)
h. Cefotiam,
i. Cefotetan, (Parenteral)
j. Cefprozil, (Parenteral)
k. Cefbuperazone,
l. Cefuroxime, (Parenteral)
m. Cefuzonam,
n. Loracarbef (Parenteral)

Third generation cephalosporins:
a. Cefcapene,
b. Cefdaloxime,
c. Cefdinir,
d. Cefditoren,
e. Cefetamet,
f. Cefixime, (Parenteral)
g. Cefmenoxime,
h. Cefodizime,
i. Cefoperazone, (Parenteral)
j. Cefotaxime, (Parenteral)
k. Cefpimizole,
l. Cefpiramide,
m. Cefpodoxime,
n. Cefsulodin,
o. Ceftazidime, (Parenteral)
p. Cefteram,
q. Ceftibuten,
r. Ceftiolene,
s. Ceftizoxime, (Parenteral)
t. Ceftriaxone, (Parenteral)
u. Flomoxef,
v. Latamoxef,
w. Moxalactam (Parenteral)

Fourth generation cephalosporins:
a. Cefepime,
b. Cefozopran,
c. Cefpirome,
d. Cefquinome

Fifth generation cephalosporins:
a. Ceftobiprole (Tatiana Bogdanovich et al.) (Andreas F. Widmer)
b. Ceftaroline (S Crofskey)

References:
Andreas F. Widmer, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/apua-cuba/v4-ceftobiprole._a_new_option_for_treatment_of_skin_and_soft-tissue_infections.pdf

R. E. Buck, K. E. Price. Cefadroxil, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Infection (Journal), Volume 8, Supplement - 5, September, 1980, Pages S532-S537.

S. Crofskey. Ceftaroline a strong competitor in cSSSI. Inpharma weekly, October 14, 2006, Issue 1559, 7-8.

Tatiana Bogdanovich, Lois M. Ednie, Stuart Shapiro, Peter C. Appelbaum. Antistaphylococcal Activity of Ceftobiprole, a New Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, October 2005, Volume 49, Number 10, Pages 4210-4219.

Further Reading:
The Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Laurence Brunton, Donald blumenthal, Iain buxton and Keith Parker

AHFS Drug Information 2008 (Ahfs Drug Information) by American Society of Health-system

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu and Michelle A. Clarke

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All rights reserved.

Classification of Macrolides

Macrolides include:

a. Azithromycin (J. Retsema et al.)
b. Clarithromycin (K. B. Waites et al.)
c. Erythromycin
d. Dirithromycin
e. Roxithromycin
f. Leucascandrolide A (Michele D. Ambrosio et al.)
g. Josamycin (T. Bergan et al.)
h. Kitasamycin
i. Midecamicine/midecamicine acetate
j. Oleandomycin
k. Spiramycin
l. Troleandomycin
m. Tylosin/tylocine
n. Carbomycin A
o. Miocamycin
p. Rokitamycin
q. Flurithromycin
r. Leucascandrolide B.
s. Maridomycin (Setsuo Harada et al.)
t. Kejanimicin (Rolf Hirsenkorn et al.)
u. Tetrocarcin (Rolf Hirsenkorn et al.)
v. Chlorothricin (Rolf Hirsenkorn et al.)

Ketolides:
a. Telithromycin
b. Cethromycin
c. Spiramycin
d. Ansamycin
e. Oleandomycin
f. Carbomycin
g. Tylocine

Structurally unrelated Macrolide:
a. Lincosamides
i. Clindamycin
ii. Lincomycin

b. Streptogrammins
i. Pristinamycin
ii. Quinopristin/dalfopristin

c. Sorangicin A

References:
J Retsema, A Girard, W Schelkly, M Manousos, M Anderson, G Bright, R Borovoy, L Brennan and R Mason. Spectrum and mode of action of azithromycin (CP-62,993), a new 15-membered-ring macrolide with improved potency against gram-negative organisms. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1987 December; 31(12): Pages 1939-1947.

K. B. Waites, G H Cassell, K C Canupp and P B Fernandes. In vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to new macrolides and aryl-fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1988 October; 32(10): Pages 1500-1502.


Michele D'Ambrosio, Antonio Guerrieroa, Cécile Debitusb and Francesco Pietraa.
Leucascandrolide A, a New Type of Macrolide:the First Powerfully Bioactive Metabolite of Calcareous Sponges (Leucascandua caveolata, a New Genus from the Coral Sea). Separatum HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA - Vol. 79 (1996)

Rolf Hirsenkorn, Richard R. Schmidt. Functionally substituted vinyl carbanions, 42. Synthesis of the top half of chlorothricolide. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, Volume 1990 Issue 9, Pages 883 - 899.

Setsuo Harada, Masayuki Muroi, Masahiro Kondo, Kanji Tsuchiya, Tai Matsuzawa, Takeshi Fugono, Toyokazu Kishi and Jisaburo Ueyanagi. Chemical Modification of Maridomycin, a New Macrolide Antibiotic. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1973 August; 4(2): Pages 140-148.

T. Bergan, B. Øydvin. Pharmacokinetics of Josamycin - A New Macrolide Antibiotic. International Journal of Experimental and clinical pharmacology, Volume 7, Number 1, 1972.

Further Reading:
The Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics by Laurence Brunton, Donald blumenthal, Iain buxton and Keith Parker

AHFS Drug Information 2008 (Ahfs Drug Information) by American Society of Health-system

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Richard Finkel, Luigi Cubeddu and Michelle A. Clarke

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Arbekacin

(M. Kurebe et al.) Chemical name of Arbekacin is "1-N[(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]-3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B".(Yusuke Tanigawara et al.) It is a derivative of "Dibekacin". (M. Inoue et al.)Arbekacin works good against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which are even resistant to other types of good aminoglycosides. (M. Kurebe et al.)It is less toxic to ear than amikacin and dabekacin.

Dosage and administration:
(Yusuke Tanigawara et al.) Its usual dose for adults is 150-200 mg/day. It is administered IV or IM in divided doses.

Pharmacokinetics:

Elimination:
(Yusuke Tanigawara et al.) It is eliminated in the urine.

References:
M. Inoue, M. Nonoyama , R. Okamoto, T. Ida. Antimicrobial activity of arbekacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 1994, volume 20, number 6, pages 233-239.

M. Kurebe, M. Yokota, T. Niizato, F. Kai, T. Yoshida, R. Okamoto, S. Mitsuhashi. Antibacterial activity and ototoxicity in guinea pigs, and nephrotoxicity in rats of arbekacin. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986 Oct; Volume 36(10): Pages 1511-7.

Yusuke Tanigawara, Reiko Sato, Kunihiko Morita, Mitsuo Kaku, Naoki Aikawa, and Kihachiro Shimizu. Population Pharmacokinetics of Arbekacin in Patients Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 2006 November; volume 50(11): Pages 3754–3762.

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