Say to the believers that they should lower their eyes and guard their chastity. That is purer for them. Allah is aware of what they do. (30) Say to the believing women that they should lower their eyes and guard their chastity and not display their adornments–except for what normally shows–and draw their head-coverings across their breasts. They should only display their adornments to their husbands or their fathers or their husbands’ fathers, or their sons or their husbands’ sons or their brothers or their brothers’ sons or their sisters’ sons or their women or those they own as slaves or their male attendants who have no sexual desire or children who still have no awareness of women’s private parts. Nor should they stamp their feet so that their hidden ornaments are known. Turn to Allah every one of you, believers, so that hopefully you will have success. (31)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al Nur (The light), Surah # 24: Ayah # 30-31)
Thursday, May 6, 2010
Cattle
That is it. If someone honours Allah’s sacred things, that is better for him in his Lord’s sight. All livestock are permitted to you except what has already been recited to you. Have done with the defilement of idols and have done with telling lies. (30)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage), Surah # 22: Ayah # 30)
(Holy Quran, Surah Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage), Surah # 22: Ayah # 30)
Creams
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Creams from Pharmaceutics
1) Creams are always;a. Suspension
b. Emulsion
c. Solution
d. Ointment
--------------
2) if we do not close the cream jar or tube then what would be happened;
a. The moisture is lost
b. No environmental effect
c. The moisture is not lost
d. No bacterial contamination
---------------
3) Creams are used as;
a. I.V.
b. I.M.
c. S.C.
d. Topically
e. Orally
--------------
4) Change in temperature can effect the properties of cream;
a. No
b. Yes
-----------------
5) Change in pH can effect the properties of cream;
a. No
b. Yes
-----------------
6) In O/W creams continuous phase is;
a. Water
b. Oil
c. Milk
-----------------
7) In W/O creams the continuous phase is;
a. Water
b. Oil
c. Soil
-----------------
8) which is not the example of O/W cream
a. Shaving cream
b. Hand cream
c. Cold cream
d. Foundation cream
------------------
9) which is not the example of W/O cream
a. Emollient cream
b. Cold cream
c. Shaving cream
------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Creams from Pharmaceutics
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. c
9. c
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
-------------------------
Further Reading:
Dispensing of different dosage forms
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Dispensing of different dosage forms
1.Mouth-washes & gargles are ___________ before their administration.a) Shake
b) diluted by alcohol
c) diluted by water
d) done nothing
-----------------
2.Enemas are __________ before their administration.
a) Cool
b) cold
c) warm
d) boil
------------------
3.Vaccines are placed at temperature between;
a) 0-4 C
b) 3-10 C
c) 2-8 C
d) -4 to 0 0C
------------------
4.what precaution is for mouth-washes & gargles;
a) should be swallowed
b)should not be swallowed
c) shake well before use
------------------
5.For paints e.g. throat-paint & gum-paint ______________ is used for their application in body.
a) amplifier
b) applicator
c) cotton
d) needle
-------------------
6.Which point is related to suspensions & emulsions use before administration.
a) heat
b) cool
c) shake well
d) mix with water
-------------------
7.Which is true for ointments;
a) the can be swallowed
b) they can be applied on broken skin
c) they cannot be applied to broken skin
d) they should be melted before use
-------------------
8.The container of cream should be closed immediately after use to avoid;
a) microbial contamination
b) leakaging
c) for nothing
-------------------
9.For parental-solutions e.g. TPN the most important thing is to maintain their.
a) pH
b) sweetness
c) color
d) solubility
-------------------
10.For themolebile-drugs e.g. methycobalamine which point is correct;
a) place at dark place
b) protect from moisture
c) protect from direct light
d) both a and b
-------------------
11.Which statement is correct for effervescent granules after mixing them in a glass of water;
a) take them after effervescence finished
b) take them before effervescence finished
c) shake them well
d) heat them before use
--------------------
12.we should label the only the function of the prescribed-medicines e.g. diazepam, steroids, hormones but not their generic names because of patient safety, it is;
a) true
b) false
c) complicated
d) I do not know
-------------------
13.Tinctures, elixirs, liniments, volatile-oils, spirits are placed in a well-tight container because they have;
a) non-volatile content
b) volatile content
c) solvent
d) solution
-----------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from Dispensing of different dosage forms
1. c
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. b
6. c
7. b
8. a
9. a
10. c
11. b
12. a
13. b
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
-----------------------
Further Reading:
Prescription
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Prescription from Pharmaceutics
1. An order written by a physician, dentist, surgeon, gastroenterologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist etc to pharmacist for compounding & dispensing of specific medication is called as;
a. News paper
b. Dictionary
c. Prescription
d. Pharmacodynamics
-----------------------------2. Inscription has the name &;
a. Brand name of ingredients
b. Generic name of ingredients
c. Quantity of ingredients
d. Quality of ingredients
-----------------------------
3. Subscription contain the directions for ;
a. Physician
b. Patient
c. Pharmacist
d. Every-one
---------------------
4. Signa contains directions for;
a. Pharmacist
b. Patient
c. Physician
d. No one
---------------------5. Number of refill of medicine is directed by;
a. Pharmacist
b. Physician
c. House wife
d. Brother
-----------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Prescription from Pharmaceutics
1. c2. c
3. c
4. b
5. b
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
Powders and Granules
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Powders and Granules from Pharmaceutics
1. _______ powders consist of more than one ingredients.
a. Simple powders
b. Compound powders
c. Both
d. None of the above
---------------------
2. Which of the following step in the preparation of powders is very often used?
a. Preparation of rapping paper
b. Preparation of material
c. Rapping
d. Double rapping
-----------------------
3. _______ powder must be sterile.
a. Medical Powder
b. Surgical powder
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
----------------------
4. _______ are the finely divided powder meant for introduction into the body cavities.
a. Dusting powder
b. Insufflation
c. Inhalation
d. Medical powder
--------------------
5. _______ contain one water molecule that acts as binder in fusion method for making effervescent granules.
a. Citric Acid
b. Tartaric Acid
c. Benzoic Acid
d. All of the above
--------------------
5. _______ contain one water molecule that acts as binder in fusion method for making effervescent granules.
a. Citric Acid
b. Tartaric Acid
c. Benzoic Acid
d. All of the above
--------------------
6. Methods of granules formation
a. Spatulation
b. Fusion method
c. Wet method
d. Both b and c
--------------------
6. Methods of granules formation
a. Spatulation
b. Fusion method
c. Wet method
d. Both b and c
--------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Powders and Granules from Pharmaceutics
1. b
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. d
5. a
6. d
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
-------------------------
Further Reading:
Precipitation
Definition:
It is the process of separation or formation of a solid or an insoluble compound formerly held in suspension or solution in the liquid.
Process of precipitation:
Chemical precipitation is completed in a number of manners. One of the most important methods for precipitation is by displacement reaction taking place in the solution in which more active metal displaces inactive or less active metal.
Precipitation is the process of separation of the solid substance from a solution:
1. Either by altering the substance to an insoluble form
2. Or by altering the solvent composition to lessen the solubility of the substance in it.
Precipitate:
The insoluble solid which has been separated from solution or suspension, due to chemical reaction or some other process, is referred to as precipitate.
Precipitant:
Precipitating agent which is the cause of precipitation from a suspension or solution is referred to as precipitant.
Supernatant liquid:
It represents the liquid above the insoluble solid obtained after settling by precipitation, sedimentation or centrifugation.
Application of the precipitation:
In pharmacy, Precipitation is used for many purposes. It is primarily used for the separation and analysis of metal ions in aqueous solutions. It is also used for the preparation and purification of some of the substances
Separation:
Examples:
1. Silver ions, found in the solution of silver nitrate, are precipitated by the additional chloride ions for example by a solution of sodium chloride. In this process, after the addition of sodium chloride, silver ions and chloride ions are combined forming silver chloride which is insoluble in water and separated.
2. Calcium ions are precipitated by the addition of oxalate ions.
3. Barium ions are precipitated by sulphate ions.
Qualitative chemical analysis:
In some of the processes such as in qualitative chemical analysis, assay of the mixtures of metal ions is done by sequential usage of reagents that causes precipitation of specific ions or collection of related ions.
Quantitative chemical analysis:
Gravimetric analysis:
In many of the cases, it is also possible to choose the factors in which the substance is precipitated in favourably pure and readily separable form. Separation of such type of precipitates and measuring their weights leads to accurate methods for finding the quantity of different compounds as in gravimetric analysis.
Preparation:
White lotion is prepared by precipitation.
Purification:
Purification of solids can also be done by the process of precipitation. The process of recrystallization is to be done in purification.
In this process, impure solid is absorbed in a suitable solvent at increased temperature. After cooling, much of the impurities remain absorbed in the solvent while the purified solid is precipitated.
This procedure is done again and again as necessary by using different solvents.
Removal of undesired constituents during precipitation:
Sometimes in the process of precipitation of a single substance from a solution composed of several different components, unwanted ingredients are often added to the crystals resulting in the reduction of the purity leading to impaired accuracy of the analysis. This addition of unwanted ingredients can be decreased by performing the processes with dilute solutions and by the addition of precipitating agent at a slow rate.
On the other hand, in some of the difficult processes, it may be essential to separate an impure precipitate, dissolving the precipitate again and again precipitating it. In this way, most of the meddlesome substances are separated in the original solution and the second precipitation is done in their absence.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Precipitation from Pharmaceutics
1. _______ is the formation of a solid in solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid.
a. Suspension
b. Emulsion
c. Precipitation
d. Collodions
e. None of the above
--------------------
2. Natural methods of precipitation include ________ or _________
a. trituration or moulding
b. dry gum method or wet gum method
c. settling or sedimentation
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
----------------------
3. With __________, precipitation is accelerated once the solution becomes supersaturated.
a. Soluble substances
b. Insoluble substances
c. More soluble substances
d. Sparingly soluble substances
e. None of the above
-------------------
4. In solids, precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is ______ the solubility.
a. Above
b. Below
c. Equal
d. Parallel
e. None of the above
--------------------
5. An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation.
a. hydrolysis
b. liquefaction
c. acidosis
d. nucleation
e. none of the above
------------------
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) of Precipitation from Pharmaceutics
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. d
(These MCQs are helpful for the preparation of Pharmacy Exams)
---------------------
Further Studies:
TUTORIAL PHARMACY
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Remington the Science and Practice of Pharmacy)
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